PATH Midterm Flashcards
The atrophy that happens on a monthly basis, what kind?
Physiological Atrophy
What happens when a muscle increases it’s workload?
Hypertrophy
How do you notice the hypertrophy of the muscle?
It will increase in size
When one epithelium is forced to change into another one, what is the name of that change?
Metaplasia
If one epithelium perforates, what is the name of that change?
Hyperplasia
If one tissue dies because of lack of infection, what is it called?
Necrosis; Gangrenous
What kind of necrosis happens to the heart?
Coagulative necrosis
When does cancerous necrosis appear?
TB
During sexual development, what is the name of that kind of change?
Hormonal hypertrophy
What is the single most common reason for cellular damage?
Hypoxia, lack of proper oxygen supply
When someone is submitted to chronic low grade hypoxia, what happens to that person?
Adaptation; example if you move to a different climate your body will adapt to the changes. Low level and chronic
Therefore, what do you think is more dangerous, sudden or progressive hypoxia?
Sudden, because your body does not have time to adapt
Give examples of gases that block the production of energy of the cell
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulphide
What substance can produce alterations and liver damage?
Alcohol
Why do contusions break the skin?
They don’t! if the skin was broken it wouldn’t be a contusion
What is an excoriation?
Losing of a layer of skin. Like a road rash
What kind of problem happens when a baby is shaken too hard?
Subdural hematoma
Why can you not have an infraction in heart valves?
Because it is connective tissue
Define Flail Chest
Consecutive multiple fractures of the ribs
Pyridoxal movement/ventilation
If someone has one abscess in one lung, when did that problem come from?
Bacterial pneumonia
What are the possible outcomes of developing a lung abscess?
Plural infusion; pyothorax; leaking of pus that goes to the lumen (interplural space);
What is a bleb?
Blister on the surface of the lung (visceral pleura). Usually found in the upper lobe of the lung.
What kind of people are born with blebs?
Leptosomatic individuals; these individuals look like malnourished basketball player
When a bleb ruptures, what is it called?
Pneumothorax
What is the most frequent trigger from chronic bronchitis?
Smoking
What happens with the respiratory epithelium with people with chronic bronchitis?
Hyperplasia of goblet cells; blue bloaters
Kinds of angina?
Stable, unstable, and silent
What kind of physical changes occur after 1 myocardium infraction?
Structural – ex. Cardiac anarhythm
Fuctional – ex. Cardiac failure
Kinds of myocardium infraction
Subendocarium
Transmeural
Do you think in one myocardium infraction, all the cells in that are die?
No,
What is the name when air enters and leaves the thorax?
Open pneumothorax
What is a bronchi
Areas of brochi with perminate dialation
What is a malignant hypertension
High blood pressure, pressure around 180
What is the meaning of the word bursa?
Sac, or bag
Give me one example of non-traditional risk of pulmonary artery disease
Chronic infection
What is the possible outcome after one prolonged pyothorax, when it is treated or controlled?
Paquipleuritis
What kind of pneumothorax is developed with bullae?
Spontaneous pneumothorax
What is prinzmental angina?
Coronary vasospasm – unstable angina (you cannot see when one spasm will happen)
Why bradypsychia is a risk factor?
It’s not a risk factor
Some reasons for someone to develop DVT?
- Trauma
- Venus stasis, blood is not moving at the proper speed, causing clots
- Damage
- Too many free radicals
What is the result of collapsed bronchi?
They do not collapse; they have rings to keep their shape. Only with a tumor could they collapse.
Why does it lead to alterations of the VQ?
Changes the ability to ventilate, the flow will also reduce. Arteries and capillaries contract, and then the lung pressure is high and could cause right sided heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension
If someone tells your hypertension is classified as essential and idiopathic?
False; because essential and idiopathic are synonyms.
What is the most frequent of all kinds of hypertension?
Idiopathic – 92-95% (or essential)
If one disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is the name of the result?
Secondary hypertension
When air is able to enter the interpleural space during expiration, what is the name of that condition?
Impossible, you cannot put air in on expiration.
Why is hypertension pneumothorax so bad?
One lung is deflated, the other is getting squished.
What is complicated hypertension?
High blood pressure, arterial sclerosis.
What could elevate the intratissue liquid in the lungs?
Lung edema
What is the result of gradual venus distention?
Varicose veins
Physiopathology of venus stasis ulcers
When superficial veins start to dialate, it compresses the basement membrane of the skin. The nutrients of the basement membrane cannot go to the surface because it is being compressed, it is not getting proper nutrient and oxygen. Changes in color and later on opens in an ulcer because the skin dies.
What kind of cancer is in the breast?
Carcinoma. Because it is quboital epithemlium
Why type of cancer develops at the thyroid?
Carcinoma, because thyroid is a gland
What kind of cancer develops at the scrotum?
Carcinoma, because the scrotum is a skin and skin(epithelium)
Cancer of the bone
Osteosarcoma
Cancer of a tendon
Chondrosarcoma
Cancer of a cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
Cancer of the tongue
Inside – radomyosarcoma of the tongue
Surface – lingual carcinoma
What is the same of one cancer originating in lymphocytes?
Lymphoblastic leukemia
Define pulmonary hypertension
High pressure in the pulmonary artery. 10-15 ml of mercury above the normal.
SARS - meaning?
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
MERS - meaning?
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome
What is Corona Virus infection
SARS
What is Anasarca?
generalized edema of the whole body. Tissues of the body retain too much fluid
Why does the body increase temperature (Fever) when faced with infection?
Higher temperature helps body fight infection because higher temperature rids iron from plasma. Bacteria need iron to replicate
What is a Peptic ulcer found in the stomach?
helicobacter pylori (bacteria found in stomach)
What kind of atrophy is from the endometrium?
hormonal physiologic atrophy
What happens when muscle increases its workload?
hypertrophy // How will you notice that? Increase in size
If one epithelium proliferates, what is the name of the change?
Hyperplasia
If one tissue dies from lack of circulation, what is the name of that type of cell death?
Gangrenous necrosis. //It will be dry if no longer infected and wet if still infected.
If the brain cell dies, what type of necrosis is that?
liquefactive necrosis
In infarction of the heart, what kind of necrosis?
coagulative necrosis
When do you see caseous necrosis?
Tuberculosis
During sexual development(puberty), what is the penis growth?
hormonal hypertrophy
During puberty what is Breast growth?
hormonal hyperplasia
What is the most common reason for cellular injury ?
hypoxia
When somebody has chronic low grade hypoxia what happens to them?
– Body adaptation (dizziness, blue lips etc.. ) //This can happen if someone moves to a high altitude area.
Which is worse, Sudden or progressive hypoxia?
Sudden hypoxia is much worse than progressive
Give me examples of gases that interfere with cellular respiration
carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide
Why do contusions break the skin?
they don’t break the skin
What is an excoriation?
Same as abrasion
What basic reasons may produce DVT?
Endothelium damage (One trauma), venous stasis
How do you define flail chest?
– Instability of a portion of chest wall. Floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib double fractures.
If there is an Abscess (collection of pus) in one lung where did the problem come from?
bacterial pneumonia
What are the possible outcomes of developing lung abscess?
Pleura effusion (pyothorax), pus goes into intrapleural space
What is a bleb?
blister in the upper lobes of the lung. Leptosomatic body types (long and skinny – malnourished basketball player) have blebs
What happens to respiratory epithelium in chronic bronchitis?
epithelial hyperplasia of goblet cells from columnar cells, produce much more mucus. Also, damaged cilia. (Blue bloaters are an example of this)
What kind of physical changes occur after one myocadiac infarction?
structural change (cardiac aneurysm- distention in artery), functional change (cardiac failure)
What are the Kinds of myocardial infarction
transmural (full thickness of wall), subendocardial (partial thickness)
In Myocardial infarction, do all cells around the affected area die?
no (no explanation- they just dont)
What is the bronchiectasis
Areas of bronchi with permanent dilation, segment accumulates material (ex. Pus)
What is malignant hypertension?
diastolic pressure of 180mmhg (extremely high)
When does orthostatic normotension(normal blood pressure) happen?
Trick question. In Normotension, people who stand up quickly do not get dizzy because blood is flowing properly
When does orthostatic hypertension occur?
When systolic blood pressure increases 20mmhg when in standing position as compared to sitting or supine position
When does orthostatic hypotension occur?
When systolic blood pressure decreases 20mmhg when in standing position compared to sitting or supine position. // Reason for feeling dizzy when standing up quickly.
What is the definition of a Bulsa
sac
What is the Main reason for atherosclerosis?
plaque formation
Chylothorax happens when?
when lymphatic vessel breaks in thorax
Is Stress a risk for coronary disease?
yes. Stress causes high level of epinephrine which then causes arteriosclerosis (plaque build up in artery)
If someone has collection blood and pus in pleura
hemopyothorax or pyohemothroax
What is a Possible outcome after a prolonged pyothorax, after it has been controlled?
Paquipleuritis (I think this is a Spanish word – paqui means thick)
What kind of pneumothorax occurs with a bullae(large blister)?
spontaneous tension pneumothorax
Why are bradypsychia(slow minded) people at increased risk for coronary failure?
They are not at increased risk for coronary issues
What are some Reasons for someone to develop a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?
venous stasis(pooling of blood in vein), Or endothelial damage, by trauma or free radicals, which increases coagulation
What is the Name for the oncologic reason that blocks the superior vena cava?
Pancoast syndrome which comes from cancer of the stomach, that effects upper lobes of lung. It Suppresses the superior vena cava, causing high pressure. It can cause damage to upper body tissues and create bulging veins.
How will you define absorption atelectasis?
If bronchiole is blocked it only blocks one aveoli. If bronchi is blocked it blocks a whole lobe of the lung. Absorption Atelectasis is more like the first example.
What is the result of collapsed bronchi?
bronchi don’t collapse because of collagenous rings. (unless steam rolled or run over by an army tank)
What is the Definition of bronchiolitis?
inflammatory airway disease of the smaller airways. Leads to alternation of v/q (ventilation/perfusion ratio)
If pressure in lungs is too high what is the result?
right sided heart failure (Right side is over worked trying to push venous blood in higher pressure pulmonary artery)
Is Hypertension divided into idiopathic and essential? True or false?
False. They are synonyms
Most frequent kind of hypertension?
idiopathic (92-95%)
If One disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is resulting condition ?
secondary hypertension
When air can enter in the intrapleural space during exhalation what is it called?
does not exist. Air cannot enter intrapleural space during exhalation
Why hypertensive pneumothorax is bad?
person can’t breathe
What is Complicated hypertension?
blood pressure chronically high, develops atherosclerosis
What is structure of brain that allows inter communication between blood vessels?
willis polygon
What could elevate the content of water in the interstitial fluid on the lung?
lung edema (swelling)
Examples of situations that cause lung edema?
hypertension of the lungs, low level of protein in blood, irritation in the circulation of the lungs vessels causes dilation and becomes more permeable
What is the Result of gradual venous distention?
varicose veins (enlarged and twisted. Seen in older folk)
Explain physiopathology of venous stasis ulcers?
When superficial veins start to dilate, it compresses the basement membrane of the skin. The nutrients from the basement membrane cannot reach the surface because of compression. Because of lack of nutrition skin will change color and die. This causes an ulcer to open in vein.
Cancer in breast
carcinoma (glandular) (all glands are epithelial therefore carcinoma)
Cancer in thyroid
carcinoma (glandular)
Cancer of scrotum
carcinoma (epithelial)
Cancer in bone
osteosarcoma
Cancer in tendon
Chondrosarcoma
Cancer in cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
Cancer of tongue
lingual carcinoma (surface of tongue)
Cancer of Inside of tongue
rhabdomyosarcoma (rhabdo because it is a striated muscle)
Cancer originating in lymphocytes
lymphoblastic leukemia
Leukemia originated in red blood cells
erythroblastic leukemia
Define pulmonary hypertension
elevation of 10 – 15 mmhg ABOVE normal which is 15 - 20mmhg
Germ most frequently causing pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia (community acquired)
What is the Name of an acute lower respiratory tract disease that compromises parenchyma and bronchioles?
pneumonia
What is the Basic problem of a pink puffer?
creation of non used oxygen holes. Air cannot effectively be expired. Alveoli walls are damaged and holds onto oxygen rather than performing normal gas exchange.
What is missing in a pink puffer patient?
Lack of Alpha 1 antitrypsin – enzyme that helps alveoili wall strength
Asthmatic crisis, partial pressure of co2 is rising, what is that?
status asthmaticus
If we open chest of that person with status asthmaticus, what will the lung look like
hyper inflated
What is Copd
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( wont respond to pharmacological intervention)
Hyaline membrane disease of new born
Disease that affects aveoli gas exchange in new borns
What is pneumoconiosis
chronic inhalation of micro particles. This develops chronic fibrosis (scarring of lung tissue) Lung fibrosis is irreversible
Most common trigger for empyema (collection of pus in pleural cavity)
pneumonia
If pus fills the bronchi what is it called
vomica
In Pulmonary fibrosis what happens to alveolar capillary membrane?
it hardens because it is made of collagen
What happens when you Give someone two or 3 times recommended oxygen
oxygen poisoning
If oxygen poisoning happens to new born what happens
retrolental fibroplasia
Can pleural effusion lead to atelectasis
yes. Fluid build up will Compress the lung. This is called Compressive atelectasis
