Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology - Semester 1 > PATH Midterm > Flashcards

PATH Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The atrophy that happens on a monthly basis, what kind?

A

Physiological Atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens when a muscle increases it’s workload?

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you notice the hypertrophy of the muscle?

A

It will increase in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When one epithelium is forced to change into another one, what is the name of that change?

A

Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If one epithelium perforates, what is the name of that change?

A

Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If one tissue dies because of lack of infection, what is it called?

A

Necrosis; Gangrenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of necrosis happens to the heart?

A

Coagulative necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does cancerous necrosis appear?

A

TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

During sexual development, what is the name of that kind of change?

A

Hormonal hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the single most common reason for cellular damage?

A

Hypoxia, lack of proper oxygen supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When someone is submitted to chronic low grade hypoxia, what happens to that person?

A

Adaptation; example if you move to a different climate your body will adapt to the changes. Low level and chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Therefore, what do you think is more dangerous, sudden or progressive hypoxia?

A

Sudden, because your body does not have time to adapt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of gases that block the production of energy of the cell

A

Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulphide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What substance can produce alterations and liver damage?

A

Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do contusions break the skin?

A

They don’t! if the skin was broken it wouldn’t be a contusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an excoriation?

A

Losing of a layer of skin. Like a road rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of problem happens when a baby is shaken too hard?

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why can you not have an infraction in heart valves?

A

Because it is connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Flail Chest

A

Consecutive multiple fractures of the ribs

Pyridoxal movement/ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If someone has one abscess in one lung, when did that problem come from?

A

Bacterial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the possible outcomes of developing a lung abscess?

A

Plural infusion; pyothorax; leaking of pus that goes to the lumen (interplural space);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a bleb?

A

Blister on the surface of the lung (visceral pleura). Usually found in the upper lobe of the lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What kind of people are born with blebs?

A

Leptosomatic individuals; these individuals look like malnourished basketball player

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When a bleb ruptures, what is it called?

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most frequent trigger from chronic bronchitis?

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens with the respiratory epithelium with people with chronic bronchitis?

A

Hyperplasia of goblet cells; blue bloaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Kinds of angina?

A

Stable, unstable, and silent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of physical changes occur after 1 myocardium infraction?

A

Structural – ex. Cardiac anarhythm

Fuctional – ex. Cardiac failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Kinds of myocardium infraction

A

Subendocarium

Transmeural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Do you think in one myocardium infraction, all the cells in that are die?

A

No,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the name when air enters and leaves the thorax?

A

Open pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a bronchi

A

Areas of brochi with perminate dialation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a malignant hypertension

A

High blood pressure, pressure around 180

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the meaning of the word bursa?

A

Sac, or bag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give me one example of non-traditional risk of pulmonary artery disease

A

Chronic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the possible outcome after one prolonged pyothorax, when it is treated or controlled?

A

Paquipleuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What kind of pneumothorax is developed with bullae?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is prinzmental angina?

A

Coronary vasospasm – unstable angina (you cannot see when one spasm will happen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Why bradypsychia is a risk factor?

A

It’s not a risk factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Some reasons for someone to develop DVT?

A
  • Trauma
  • Venus stasis, blood is not moving at the proper speed, causing clots
  • Damage
  • Too many free radicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the result of collapsed bronchi?

A

They do not collapse; they have rings to keep their shape. Only with a tumor could they collapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why does it lead to alterations of the VQ?

A

Changes the ability to ventilate, the flow will also reduce. Arteries and capillaries contract, and then the lung pressure is high and could cause right sided heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If someone tells your hypertension is classified as essential and idiopathic?

A

False; because essential and idiopathic are synonyms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the most frequent of all kinds of hypertension?

A

Idiopathic – 92-95% (or essential)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

If one disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is the name of the result?

A

Secondary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

When air is able to enter the interpleural space during expiration, what is the name of that condition?

A

Impossible, you cannot put air in on expiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Why is hypertension pneumothorax so bad?

A

One lung is deflated, the other is getting squished.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is complicated hypertension?

A

High blood pressure, arterial sclerosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What could elevate the intratissue liquid in the lungs?

A

Lung edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the result of gradual venus distention?

A

Varicose veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Physiopathology of venus stasis ulcers

A

When superficial veins start to dialate, it compresses the basement membrane of the skin. The nutrients of the basement membrane cannot go to the surface because it is being compressed, it is not getting proper nutrient and oxygen. Changes in color and later on opens in an ulcer because the skin dies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What kind of cancer is in the breast?

A

Carcinoma. Because it is quboital epithemlium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Why type of cancer develops at the thyroid?

A

Carcinoma, because thyroid is a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What kind of cancer develops at the scrotum?

A

Carcinoma, because the scrotum is a skin and skin(epithelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Cancer of the bone

A

Osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Cancer of a tendon

A

Chondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cancer of a cartilage

A

Chondrosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Cancer of the tongue

A

Inside – radomyosarcoma of the tongue

Surface – lingual carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the same of one cancer originating in lymphocytes?

A

Lymphoblastic leukemia

60
Q

Define pulmonary hypertension

A

High pressure in the pulmonary artery. 10-15 ml of mercury above the normal.

61
Q

SARS - meaning?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

62
Q

MERS - meaning?

A

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome

63
Q

What is Corona Virus infection

A

SARS

64
Q

What is Anasarca?

A

generalized edema of the whole body. Tissues of the body retain too much fluid

65
Q

Why does the body increase temperature (Fever) when faced with infection?

A

Higher temperature helps body fight infection because higher temperature rids iron from plasma. Bacteria need iron to replicate

66
Q

What is a Peptic ulcer found in the stomach?

A

helicobacter pylori (bacteria found in stomach)

67
Q

What kind of atrophy is from the endometrium?

A

hormonal physiologic atrophy

68
Q

What happens when muscle increases its workload?

A

hypertrophy // How will you notice that? Increase in size

69
Q

If one epithelium proliferates, what is the name of the change?

A

Hyperplasia

70
Q

If one tissue dies from lack of circulation, what is the name of that type of cell death?

A

Gangrenous necrosis. //It will be dry if no longer infected and wet if still infected.

71
Q

If the brain cell dies, what type of necrosis is that?

A

liquefactive necrosis

72
Q

In infarction of the heart, what kind of necrosis?

A

coagulative necrosis

73
Q

When do you see caseous necrosis?

A

Tuberculosis

74
Q

During sexual development(puberty), what is the penis growth?

A

hormonal hypertrophy

75
Q

During puberty what is Breast growth?

A

hormonal hyperplasia

76
Q

What is the most common reason for cellular injury ?

A

hypoxia

77
Q

When somebody has chronic low grade hypoxia what happens to them?

A

– Body adaptation (dizziness, blue lips etc.. ) //This can happen if someone moves to a high altitude area.

78
Q

Which is worse, Sudden or progressive hypoxia?

A

Sudden hypoxia is much worse than progressive

79
Q

Give me examples of gases that interfere with cellular respiration

A

carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide

80
Q

Why do contusions break the skin?

A

they don’t break the skin

81
Q

What is an excoriation?

A

Same as abrasion

82
Q

What basic reasons may produce DVT?

A

Endothelium damage (One trauma), venous stasis

83
Q

How do you define flail chest?

A

– Instability of a portion of chest wall. Floating piece of chest wall due to multiple consecutive rib double fractures.

84
Q

If there is an Abscess (collection of pus) in one lung where did the problem come from?

A

bacterial pneumonia

85
Q

What are the possible outcomes of developing lung abscess?

A

Pleura effusion (pyothorax), pus goes into intrapleural space

86
Q

What is a bleb?

A

blister in the upper lobes of the lung. Leptosomatic body types (long and skinny – malnourished basketball player) have blebs

87
Q

What happens to respiratory epithelium in chronic bronchitis?

A

epithelial hyperplasia of goblet cells from columnar cells, produce much more mucus. Also, damaged cilia. (Blue bloaters are an example of this)

88
Q

What kind of physical changes occur after one myocadiac infarction?

A

structural change (cardiac aneurysm- distention in artery), functional change (cardiac failure)

89
Q

What are the Kinds of myocardial infarction

A

transmural (full thickness of wall), subendocardial (partial thickness)

90
Q

In Myocardial infarction, do all cells around the affected area die?

A

no (no explanation- they just dont)

91
Q

What is the bronchiectasis

A

Areas of bronchi with permanent dilation, segment accumulates material (ex. Pus)

92
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

diastolic pressure of 180mmhg (extremely high)

93
Q

When does orthostatic normotension(normal blood pressure) happen?

A

Trick question. In Normotension, people who stand up quickly do not get dizzy because blood is flowing properly

94
Q

When does orthostatic hypertension occur?

A

When systolic blood pressure increases 20mmhg when in standing position as compared to sitting or supine position

95
Q

When does orthostatic hypotension occur?

A

When systolic blood pressure decreases 20mmhg when in standing position compared to sitting or supine position. // Reason for feeling dizzy when standing up quickly.

96
Q

What is the definition of a Bulsa

A

sac

97
Q

What is the Main reason for atherosclerosis?

A

plaque formation

98
Q

Chylothorax happens when?

A

when lymphatic vessel breaks in thorax

99
Q

Is Stress a risk for coronary disease?

A

yes. Stress causes high level of epinephrine which then causes arteriosclerosis (plaque build up in artery)

100
Q

If someone has collection blood and pus in pleura

A

hemopyothorax or pyohemothroax

101
Q

What is a Possible outcome after a prolonged pyothorax, after it has been controlled?

A

Paquipleuritis (I think this is a Spanish word – paqui means thick)

102
Q

What kind of pneumothorax occurs with a bullae(large blister)?

A

spontaneous tension pneumothorax

103
Q

Why are bradypsychia(slow minded) people at increased risk for coronary failure?

A

They are not at increased risk for coronary issues

104
Q

What are some Reasons for someone to develop a Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)?

A

venous stasis(pooling of blood in vein), Or endothelial damage, by trauma or free radicals, which increases coagulation

105
Q

What is the Name for the oncologic reason that blocks the superior vena cava?

A

Pancoast syndrome which comes from cancer of the stomach, that effects upper lobes of lung. It Suppresses the superior vena cava, causing high pressure. It can cause damage to upper body tissues and create bulging veins.

106
Q

How will you define absorption atelectasis?

A

If bronchiole is blocked it only blocks one aveoli. If bronchi is blocked it blocks a whole lobe of the lung. Absorption Atelectasis is more like the first example.

107
Q

What is the result of collapsed bronchi?

A

bronchi don’t collapse because of collagenous rings. (unless steam rolled or run over by an army tank)

108
Q

What is the Definition of bronchiolitis?

A

inflammatory airway disease of the smaller airways. Leads to alternation of v/q (ventilation/perfusion ratio)

109
Q

If pressure in lungs is too high what is the result?

A

right sided heart failure (Right side is over worked trying to push venous blood in higher pressure pulmonary artery)

110
Q

Is Hypertension divided into idiopathic and essential? True or false?

A

False. They are synonyms

111
Q

Most frequent kind of hypertension?

A

idiopathic (92-95%)

112
Q

If One disease process rises the peripheral vascular resistance, what is resulting condition ?

A

secondary hypertension

113
Q

When air can enter in the intrapleural space during exhalation what is it called?

A

does not exist. Air cannot enter intrapleural space during exhalation

114
Q

Why hypertensive pneumothorax is bad?

A

person can’t breathe

115
Q

What is Complicated hypertension?

A

blood pressure chronically high, develops atherosclerosis

116
Q

What is structure of brain that allows inter communication between blood vessels?

A

willis polygon

117
Q

What could elevate the content of water in the interstitial fluid on the lung?

A

lung edema (swelling)

118
Q

Examples of situations that cause lung edema?

A

hypertension of the lungs, low level of protein in blood, irritation in the circulation of the lungs vessels causes dilation and becomes more permeable

119
Q

What is the Result of gradual venous distention?

A

varicose veins (enlarged and twisted. Seen in older folk)

120
Q

Explain physiopathology of venous stasis ulcers?

A

When superficial veins start to dilate, it compresses the basement membrane of the skin. The nutrients from the basement membrane cannot reach the surface because of compression. Because of lack of nutrition skin will change color and die. This causes an ulcer to open in vein.

121
Q

Cancer in breast

A

carcinoma (glandular) (all glands are epithelial therefore carcinoma)

122
Q

Cancer in thyroid

A

carcinoma (glandular)

123
Q

Cancer of scrotum

A

carcinoma (epithelial)

124
Q

Cancer in bone

A

osteosarcoma

125
Q

Cancer in tendon

A

Chondrosarcoma

126
Q

Cancer in cartilage

A

Chondrosarcoma

127
Q

Cancer of tongue

A

lingual carcinoma (surface of tongue)

128
Q

Cancer of Inside of tongue

A

rhabdomyosarcoma (rhabdo because it is a striated muscle)

129
Q

Cancer originating in lymphocytes

A

lymphoblastic leukemia

130
Q

Leukemia originated in red blood cells

A

erythroblastic leukemia

131
Q

Define pulmonary hypertension

A

elevation of 10 – 15 mmhg ABOVE normal which is 15 - 20mmhg

132
Q

Germ most frequently causing pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumonia (community acquired)

133
Q

What is the Name of an acute lower respiratory tract disease that compromises parenchyma and bronchioles?

A

pneumonia

134
Q

What is the Basic problem of a pink puffer?

A

creation of non used oxygen holes. Air cannot effectively be expired. Alveoli walls are damaged and holds onto oxygen rather than performing normal gas exchange.

135
Q

What is missing in a pink puffer patient?

A

Lack of Alpha 1 antitrypsin – enzyme that helps alveoili wall strength

136
Q

Asthmatic crisis, partial pressure of co2 is rising, what is that?

A

status asthmaticus

137
Q

If we open chest of that person with status asthmaticus, what will the lung look like

A

hyper inflated

138
Q

What is Copd

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( wont respond to pharmacological intervention)

139
Q

Hyaline membrane disease of new born

A

Disease that affects aveoli gas exchange in new borns

140
Q

What is pneumoconiosis

A

chronic inhalation of micro particles. This develops chronic fibrosis (scarring of lung tissue) Lung fibrosis is irreversible

141
Q

Most common trigger for empyema (collection of pus in pleural cavity)

A

pneumonia

142
Q

If pus fills the bronchi what is it called

A

vomica

143
Q

In Pulmonary fibrosis what happens to alveolar capillary membrane?

A

it hardens because it is made of collagen

144
Q

What happens when you Give someone two or 3 times recommended oxygen

A

oxygen poisoning

145
Q

If oxygen poisoning happens to new born what happens

A

retrolental fibroplasia

146
Q

Can pleural effusion lead to atelectasis

A

yes. Fluid build up will Compress the lung. This is called Compressive atelectasis

Pathophysiology - Semester 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions