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Pathology > Path II Midterm > Flashcards

Path II Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Functions

A

excretion of waste products of metabolism
regulation of water and salt concentration in body
maintenance of plasma pH
secretion of some hormones (renin, erythropoietin, prostaglandins)

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2
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys

A

nephron

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3
Q

What are the four compartments of the kidney?

A

glomeruli
tubules
interstitium
blood vessels

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4
Q

Which part of the kidney contains nociceptors?

A

capsule- sensitive to distention

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5
Q

glomerulopathy

A

disease of the glomerulus

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6
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli of kidney

occurs through several different mechanisms

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7
Q

Circulating immune complex deposition glomerulonephritis

A

Type III hypersensitivity
antigen-antibody immune complexes settle in the walls of the glomerulus
as phagocytes try to digest the complexes, the walls of the vessels are damaged causing local vasculitis

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8
Q

Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis

A

type II hypersensitivity
antibodies are formed against the basement membrane in the glomerulus
phagocytes release destructive enzymes onto the basement membrane and destroy it

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9
Q

Heymann glomerulonephritis

A

no specific type of hypersensitivity
immune aggression against the podocytes and some antigens within them
leads to destruction of the podocytes

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10
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

Hematuria
oliguria
azotemia
hypertension

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11
Q

Why is there hypertension with nephritic syndrome?

A

juxtaglomerular cells release renin as a result of a decreased GFR

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12
Q

What is the difference between azotemia and uremia

A

azotemia is a biochemical abnormality characterized by increased levels of creatine and BUN
uremia is the advanced process with symptoms and clinical manifestations

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13
Q

Diseases associated with Nephritic syndrome

A 
acute proliferative glomerulonephritis
rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Berger's disease
Alport Syndrome
Chronic glomerulonephritis
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14
Q

Acute Proliferative glomerulonephritis

A

Type III hypersensitivity
caused by beta hemolytic streptococcus group A
immune complex settles in the subentimal layer of the of the membrane (between basement membrane and endothelium)

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15
Q

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

aka crescentic
a group of disorders marked by hyperplasia of the parietal cells of the bowman’s capsule that merge and form a crescent shape
leads to pressure atrophy of the glomerulus

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16
Q

Type I Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

anti- glomerulus basement membrane
type II hypersensitivity
goodpastures syndrome

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17
Q

goodpasture syndrome

A

Type I Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

formation of antibodies against the basement membrane of alveoli and glomeruli
leads to accumulation of RBC’s in the lungs and hemoptysis

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18
Q

Type II Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

Type III hypersensitivity
idiopathic
associated with SLE and hemorrhagic vasculitis

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19
Q

SLE

A

type II Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

occurs in young women, kidneys are the most involved organ
anti-nuclear antibodies are produced against ds DNA

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20
Q

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

A

hemorrhagic vasculitis
skin syndrome –> articular syndrome –> abdominal syndrome –> GMN

GMN is irreversible

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21
Q

Type III rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

A

Pauci-immune
not related with a specific type of hypersensitivity
idiopathic vasculitis

associated with Wegener’s granulomatosis and polyarteritits nodosa

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22
Q

Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies result in necrotic vasculitis of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
necrotic granulomas of the respiratory tract

23
Q

polyarteritis nodosa

A

characterized by vasculitis of the body
only areas of the body not involved are aortic arch and vessels of lung
destruction of kidney
wet gangrene as a complication

24
Q

IgA nephropathy

A

aka Berger’s disease
deposition of IgA and IgA complex in the kidney
most common glomerular disease in the world

25
Q

thrombangitis obliterans

A

aka buerger’s disease
vasculitis of mid and small arteries
inflammation of vessels that supply nerves with blood
associated with smoking

26
Q

major symptoms of buerger’s

A

instep claudication
narrowing of vessel lumen
Raynaud’s
ends with gangrene in extremities

27
Q

Alport syndrome

A

hereditary glomerulonephritis
develops nephritic syndrome
renal failure by 25 years old

28
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

proteinuria
hypoalbuminemia
generalized edema
hyperlipidemia/lipiduria

29
Q

what ratio changes in nephrotic syndrome

A

albumin-globulin

30
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrom

A 
Minimal change disease
membranous glomerulonephritis
focal glomerulosclerosis
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
diabetes mellitus
amyloidosis
31
Q

acute pyelonephritis

A

more common than glomerulonephritis

suppurative inflammation of kidney pelvis and parenchyma

32
Q

routes of infection with acute pyelonephritis

A

ascending (most common)
lymphogenic
hematogenic

33
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A

decreased GFR, increased BP
diffuse glomerulosclerosis
nodular glomerulosclerosis, renal vascular lesion

34
Q

peptic ulcer

A

breech into mucosa

35
Q

erosion

A

aka sloughing

superficial damage to the mucosal wall

36
Q

Defensive forces to the mucosal layer

A

surface mucous secretion
bicarbonate secretion
mucosal blood flow
elaboration of prostaglandins

37
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

healing of peptic ulcer near pylorus
scar tissue results in dramatic shrinking of lumen of pyloric canal
results in loss of G cells/hypoacidity

38
Q

hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

congenital

pyloric sphincter is too thick

39
Q

manifestations of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

visible peristalsis
dehydration
weight loss

40
Q

hiatal hernia

A

separation of diaphragmatic crura

widening of space between muscular crura and esophageal wall

41
Q

axial hernia

A

aka sliding

most common

42
Q

non-axial hernia

A

aka paraesophageal

results in venous infarct and gangrene

43
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the relaxation with consequent dilation of esophagous sphincter

44
Q

achalasia is associated with

A

aperistalsis
incomplete relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter with swallowing
increased resting tone of lower esophageal sphincter

45
Q

Primary achalasia

A

idiopathic
may be associated with myenteric plexus damage
may be associated with innervation of esophageal wall

46
Q

secondary achalasia

A

protozoa trypansome cruzi has toxic effect on myenteric pleuxus
results in chagas disease

47
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

formation of longitudinal tears of the esophagus

due to multiple retching

48
Q

Barrett espohagus

A

replacement of normal stratified squamous with metaplastic columnar epithelial containing goblet cells

49
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrom

A

associated with marked hypersecretion of gastrin due to a gastrinoma

50
Q

rheumatic fever

A

affects joints, skin, heart, and nervous system

associated with beta hemolytic strep group a

51
Q

rheumatic myocarditis

A

100% involvement of the myocardium

52
Q

pathomnemonic sign for rheumatic myocarditis

A

aschoff’s nodes

53
Q

rheumatic pericarditis

A

rare

results in fibrous inflammation

54
Q

rheumatic endocarditis

A

80% of cases
inner layer of heart involved
attacks valves and impairs blood flow

Pathology (4 decks)

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