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1
Q

Coagulation:

A

infarction

myocaridal infarction

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2
Q

Liquefaction

A

CNS

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3
Q

Caseous

A

TB

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4
Q

Enzymatic

A

Pancreas

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5
Q

Fatty

A

Liver

precurser to nutmeg liver

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6
Q

Zenker

A

aka Waxy

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7
Q

Wallerain

A

peripheral nerves

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8
Q

Cloudy swelling

A

albuminous

which of the following involves the injury of the membrane

swelling of cells due to injury of the mebrane

affecting the ionic transfer

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9
Q

Development changes

Agenesis

A

absence of a organ usually a paired organ

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10
Q

Development changes

Hupoplasia

A

organ usually smaller than the normal organ and usually defective

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11
Q

Development changes

Aplasia

A

lack of devlupment

remnants of the organ are there but not fully develuped

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12
Q

Disturbance of growth

Atrophy

A

decrease in size (disuse)

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13
Q

Disturbance of growth

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size (muscular exercise)

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14
Q

Disturbance of growth

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells ( pregnants uterus)

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15
Q

Disturbance of growth

Metapalsia

A

changes from one cell type to another

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16
Q

Disturbance of growth

Lungs of a smoker?

A

PSeudostrficied ciliated cominlar changes to stratified squamous in a smoker

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17
Q

Disturbance of growth

Dysplasia

A

disorganized

change in size , shape , or function of a cell

(precede cancer but is reversible)

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18
Q

Disturbance of growth

Anaplasia

A

complete disorganization of a cell ( cancer)

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19
Q

TYPES~O:F CANCER~:

Condma

A

benign cartilaginous tumor

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20
Q

TYPES~O:F CANCER~:

Carcinoma

A

cancer of the epithelial tissue usually spread by the route of the lymphatic system

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21
Q

TYPES~O:F CANCER~:

Sarcoma

A

cancer of the connective tissue usually spread by blood

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22
Q

TYPES~O:F CANCER~:

Carcinoma in siti

A

cancers that has NOT invaded the

“basement membrane”

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23
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in the blood

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24
Q

Septicemia

A

pathogens or toxins in the blood

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25
Q

Anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

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26
Q

Hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen

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27
Q

Thrombus

A

platelet deposition

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28
Q

Clot:

A

fibrinogen into fibrin via thromboplastin

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29
Q

Embolus

A

foreign body in the blood that travels

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30
Q

Diapedesis:

A

nuetrophils and monocytes squeeze through the walls of blood vessels

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31
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of WBC against the gradient of a avrety of tissue damage products

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32
Q

Phagocytosis

A

accomplished through neurtophils and macrophages

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33
Q

Pavmenting

A

adhesion of leukocytes the the endothelial lining of blood vessels

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34
Q

Metstatic calcficiation

A

calcification into normal tissue

as a result of too much vitmnin D

as a result calcium deposits

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35
Q

Dystophic calficicantion

A

calcification of dmaged tissue

athtloma

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36
Q

PNEUMOCONIOSIS:

A

Deposition of particles in the lung

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37
Q

Silicosis :

A

silica (rocks of glass) in sandblasting

seen in sandblaster quarry rock loans

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38
Q

Asbestosis

A

asbestos leads to mesothelioma –> Is malignant

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39
Q

Siderosis

A

iron dust

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40
Q

Byssinosis:

A

cotton dust called Brown lung

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41
Q

Berylliosis

A

Fibers- aircraft manufacturing

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42
Q

Arithracosis

A

Black lung disease from Miners (coal)

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43
Q

Toxicdymycosis

A

san jaunin valley fever

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44
Q

Histoplasmosis:

A

Missisippi OH fever

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45
Q

Syphilis

congenital

Stages

A
  1. Hutchinson’s teeth- notched permanent incisors
  2. Rhagades - fissures and cracks at the end of the mouth

3> saddle nose deformity - bridge of nose deformity

  1. Sabre blade tibia
  2. Interstitial kerrititis produces visual changes.

This also can be associated with deafness.

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46
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 1: Primary Stages

A

hard, singular painless nodule on perineum

Known as a Shanke

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47
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 2: Secondary Stages

A

maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat

warts on the vulva

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48
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 3 : Latency

A

Mayor may not have symptoms

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49
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 4: Teritary

A

Neuro syphilis

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50
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 2: Secondary Stages

A

maculopapular rash and condylomata lata (flat

warts on the vulva

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51
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 3 : Latency

A

Mayor may not have symptoms

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52
Q

Syphilis

Acquired

4 Stages of Syphilis

Stage 4: Teritary

A

Tabes dorsalis

aortic anerrism

argyl roberson pupil - prosotutes pupil

Gummas neucrosis in body tissue

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53
Q

Chanceroid

A

soft chanceroid painful caused by-Hemophilus ducrey

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54
Q

Gonorrhea:

A

gram negative diploccus causing burnign in the urine with

yellow green pus in the urine

can produce arthtits in the knee

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55
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

chlamydia is the organism

produces rectal strictures

Dx: frei test

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56
Q

Ghnorrea

A

MC PID

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57
Q

Granuloma inguinae

A

red nodules in ingual area

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58
Q

Trichonomas

A

purulents vaginal dischagre – green frothy protzoan

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59
Q

GArdenalla vaginallis

A

foul smelling discharge. Clue cells

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60
Q

Dysphagia

A

trouble swallowing

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61
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia

A

due to anatomicallyshortened esophagus

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62
Q

Diverticula

A

outpouching in the intestine. Usually I :Lower left
quadrant of the abdomen

descending and sigmoid colon

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63
Q

volvulus:

A

Twisting of an organ

around the lungs axis

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64
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping of intestine onto itself

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65
Q

Celiac disease

A

intolerance to gluten

on gluten free diet is how your

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66
Q

Crohns

A

regional ileitis - seen in young people

affects the distal colon

produces

skip lesions

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67
Q

Hirschbrung’s:

A

Congenital megacolon. Absence of the myenteric plexus

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68
Q

Ulcerative colities

A

Patholigcials intestianals changes ulcers, bloody diarhea

complications produce toxic megacolon

descending sigmid colon

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69
Q

Irritable bowel:

A

spastic colon, distention, pain, diarrhea . stress

related

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70
Q

Peutz Jegher’s:

A

Polyposis characterized by polyps in the entire

GI tract

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71
Q

Caplans sydrome

A

affect coal miners / nodules in lungs

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72
Q

Belke sydrome

A

RA with splenomegaly

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73
Q

Emohezema

A

alpha - anti - trypsin - disease - deficiency

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74
Q

Pagets

A

ostetis defromisn - producued thcickeing and defromity of the bone

MEN over <50

Cortical thickening

PAtholigical is the osteocalstic

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75
Q

Stills

A

a form of juvenile Rheumatoid arthritis

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76
Q

Parkinsons

A

aka paralysis agitans

problems with dopaminein th ebasal cell ganglia.

Inclusiosn bodies called LeWY bodies

PAtient has masked face

stopped posture

resting tremor

festinating gait (shufflinf gait )

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77
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Demyelinizationand plaguing of the SC or brain

Charcot’s triad

scanning speech, intention tremor and nystagmus.

Characterized by exacerbations and remissions.

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78
Q

Charcot’s triad

A

scanning speech, intention tremor and nystagmus.

Characterized by exacerbations and remissions.

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79
Q

Myethesia Gravis

A

Formationof antibodiesthat block the ACH receptorsat the

myoneuraljunctionproducingexcess cholinesterase

thymic enlargement

causes progressiove weakness and fatigue

FIRST starts with the occular muscles - especially with fatigued

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80
Q

ALS

A

Lou Gherigs disease

Contical spinal tracts affects with no sensory loss

UMNL in lower limbs

LMNL in upper limbs

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81
Q

PLS

A

combined system disease

results in pernicious anemia

DUE to B12 anaemia

82
Q

Synigomeleia

A

cyst formation

loss of pain and temperature

cape like distributions

83
Q

Arnold Chiarii

A

congential brain stem through the foramen magnum

84
Q

Huntington’s:

chorea

A

Heredity onset 30-50 basal ganglia ( of caudate nucleus ) affected

defiicnty of GABA

produces dementia and death

chromosoem #4 is afected

85
Q

Alziemers

A

progressive serve atrophy of the cerebral cortex

ACH decrease

86
Q

Fradreichs ataxia

A

lesions and sclerosis of the spinocerebaelar tract

87
Q

Guilliene barr peylonephrirtis

A

Pyloneuritis of PNS.

seen follwoing immunizations and
producesan ascending paralysis.
Can be fatal~/~
If it affects the **Anterior horn)it producesI ***LMN If it
affects the brain stem, then cranial nerves are affected
and the breathing apparatus may be damaged

88
Q

Korsakoff:

A

Alcoholic psychosis. Depletion of thiamine due

to severe alcoholism

89
Q

Charcot Marie

A

Hereditary progressive peroneal muscle atrophy

90
Q

Tooth aka

Peraneal mucosal atrophy

A

dushenes musclar dystropy of the claves usually boys

3-7

recessive linked gene

recessive linked gene

perineal and anterior tibialais msucles affected

91
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

92
Q

Marasmus

A

calorie malnutrition, includes protein

93
Q

Wilson’s

A

Inborn error of copper metabolism. “keiser fleisher rings of the iris

94
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

decrease due to a posterior pituitary

results in dehydration *****

95
Q

Deisabetes melittus

A

decrease production of insulin of beta cells of the pancrease

(islet and langerhans )

productions of polydysia , polyuria , polyphagia

  1. usually myocardial infarct
  2. Renal failure
96
Q

Duschenes

A

muscle replaced to fat

97
Q

1st sign of diebetes

A

in the eyes neuovascularization

98
Q

Genetic disorders:

Turners syndrome

A

45 XO

Female

short stature

webbed neck

lack female secondary sex characteristics

99
Q

Genetic disorders:

Down sydrome

A

Trisomy 21 chromosome

Male or female

Mental retardation flat hypo plastic face

Sinuses crease of the palm

100
Q

Genetic disorders:

Fragile X

A

Is the most common forma of mental retardation

involving a 2 X chromosomes and one or more Y chromosome

101
Q

Genetic disorders:

Phenoketoneuria

A

cannot convert phenyalanine to tyrosine

due to a lack of phenyalanine hydrolase

***** retardation can be controlled by diet if caught early

102
Q

Genetic disorders:

Von Gierke’s

A

lack of enzymes to break down glycogen

excessive amounts of glycognen found in the liver

103
Q

Genetic disorders:

Tay Sach

A

increase gangliosides found in the brain (glycophinoilipid)

*** hexosaminidase deficiency

** Cherry spots in the macula

***Infant death

104
Q

Genetic disorders:

Gauchers

A

excess glucocrebrocide in the brain , liver and spleen

105
Q

Genetic disorders:

Krebbes

A

increased Galactocrebroside in white matter

106
Q

Genetic disorders:

Neimons pick

A

abnormal increase in sphingomyelinase

decrease in shingomylinase

107
Q

Genetic disorders:

Alkaptoneruia

A

accumulation of hemogensisits acid ,

blue black deposotus in the ears

Produces *** ochonochrosis which is clacification of the the discs of the spine

** Build up of tyrosine

108
Q

Genetic disorders:

Duchenes MD

A

seen mostly in boys 3-7 years of age

produces hypertrophy in the calf muscles

** recessive linked gene /Waddling gait

INCREASE in CPK (mean the muscles are dying )

109
Q

Genetic disorders:

Edwards syndrome

A

Trisomy 18

110
Q

Genetic disorders:

Leukoplakia

A

white patches of muscosa that cant be scatched off

111
Q

Genetic disorders:

Teratoma

A

tumors of all 3 layers

112
Q

Genetic disorders:

Adenoma

A

tumor of the glandular tissue

113
Q

Genetic disorders:

krukenbergs

A

cancer of the stomach

thats metastasizes to the ovary

114
Q

Genetic disorders:

Wilsm

A

mixed tumor of the kidney in children

115
Q

Genetic disorders:

Leioma

A

tumor of smooth muscle

fibroids in the uterus

116
Q

Genetic disorders:

Rhabdomyoma

A

Tumor of striated muscle or heart muscle

117
Q

Genetic disorders:

Osteosarcoma

A

Most common bone cancer in children

118
Q

~Multiplemyeloma

A

most common malignancy in adults

Bence jones and routoe formation

119
Q

Metastasis

A

most common tumor in the spine

120
Q

Lipoma

A

fatty tumor

121
Q

Hemagioma

A

benign tumor of the blood vessels

122
Q

Xanthoma

A

Yellow tumor of connective tissue

123
Q

Chondroma

A

bengin tumor of cartilage

124
Q

Papilloma

A

associated with warts

HPV-16

125
Q

Seminoma

A

cancer of the testies - most common

126
Q

Virchow’s nodes

A

Enlarged supraclavicular lymph nodes due to

metastasis usually in the GI tract

127
Q

WBC

Neutophils

A

60% increased in acute **bacterial~infections

*Acute inflamation

128
Q

WBC

Lymphocytes

A

30% increased in viral conditions

*Chronic iinflamation

129
Q

Monocytes

A

increase in chronic conditions

changes in phagocytes

130
Q

Eosinophils

A

parasitesand allergies

*reduce anti histamines

131
Q

Basophils

A

similar to mast cells … produce heparin and histamines

increase blood disorders

132
Q

Mast produce the following

A
  1. Hsitmine
  2. Heparin
  3. Serotonin
  4. Badykinin
133
Q

LYMPHOCYTES:

B

A

B. Transforms to a plasma cell

134
Q

LYMPHOCYTES:

T

A

T. Matures in the thymus

  1. Helper: activates B
  2. Suppressor: decreases antibody production
  3. Killer: kills foreign agents EX: transplant rejection
135
Q

IMMUNE COMPLEX:

Steps

A
  1. antigen enters - proceeds by macophages
  2. Pahgocytosed by macropahges aka antigen presenting cell by Cd4 cells
  3. Exposes antigen to B cells and T helper cells
  4. T cells make sure that B cells react
  5. Plasma cells make anitbodies forming the immune complex
136
Q

Cancer cells can be destoryed by

A

CD8 cells

which are killer cells

137
Q

HEART AND BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE:

Arteriosclerosis:

A

thickening, calcification and loss of elasticity

of the arterial walls

138
Q

HEART AND BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE:

Atherosclerosis:

A

deposition of fatty plaques (atheroma)

This is a form of arteriosclerosis

139
Q

EART AND BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE:

Monkeberg I s sclerosis

A

tunica media** of **medium sized arteries calcified

140
Q

Aneurysm

berry

A

in the circle of Willis, subarachnoid hemorrhage

141
Q

Aneurysm

Dissecting

A

longitudinal tearing away of the aorta

142
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

can cause low back pain due to erosion of the

anterior vertebral body

143
Q

Beuggers

A

thomboangitis obliterans

person who smokes heavily

Intermittent claudication

Lower extemity is affected

144
Q

Raynaud’s

A

Vasospasm of the arteries

may be primary or secondary to other collagen diseases such as lupus

Found in the hands or feet producing a**** triphasic color change

FROM pallor to cyanosis and rubor *****

brought on by cold or emotion

145
Q

Temporal Artetites

A

aka giant cell artetities

affects temporal arteries

Asocoated with long standing hypertension

146
Q

Takayasu arteritis

A

aka pulseless disease

granulomatou sinflammation of theaortic arch

147
Q

Congenital

Tetrology of Fallot

A

Likely to cause cyanosis

DRIP

Dextro rotation of the aorta

Rright ventricular hypertophy

Interventricular spetal defect

Pulmonic stenosis

148
Q

Coarctationof the aorta

A

reverse normal BP

aorta narrowing of the lumen produces increased

blood pressure in the upper extremities and decreased blood

pressure in the lower extremities

149
Q

B-lymphocyes incolved in

A

Hormonal immunity ( b -lymphocytes to cell immunity )

150
Q

T cell in mediated

A

mediated immunity

151
Q

BLOOD CELL DISORDERS

Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

Causes seriously enlarged lymph nodes. Produces a Pel
Epstein fever which comes and goes.

diagnosis based upon tissue biopsy and presence of the Reed Sternberg cell

152
Q

BLOOD CELL DISORDERS

Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma:

A

Mostly seen in older people. No Reed Sternberg
~ cells. Symptoms same as Hodgkin’s, but more severe. Includes
Burkett Is Ivmph~ which is described by its “starry sky appearance

153
Q

BLOOD CELL DISORDERS

Multiple myoloma

A

a leukemia of bone marrow. affects the plasma cells.

usually over 50

154
Q

BLOOD CELL DISORDERS

Brutuons agammaglobulinemia:

A

a X linked hereditary disease

Decrease IgG

Decrease B cells

B cell defieiciency

155
Q

BLOOD CELL DISORDERs

DiGeorges

A

a Tell cell defieicincy cause by

a hypoplasia of the Thalamus

156
Q

Leukemia:

Acute lymphoblastic

ALL

A

ALL

seen in children

157
Q

Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic

CLL

A

older 75% over 60 increased mature -

lymphocytes

158
Q

Leukemia

Acutcute meyeloblastic

(AML)

A

85% adult

can happen at any age

*worst prognosis

159
Q

Leukemia

Chronic myelocytic:

(CML)

A

young adulthood, increased granulocytes

“Philadelphia chromosome”

30-40 years old

160
Q

ANEMIA

A

lack or loss of RBC

161
Q

ANEMIA

Loss:

Hemorrhage

Hemolytic Breakdown

A

Hemolytic breakdown of cells by some disease in the body such
as sickle cell anemia or malaria

162
Q

ANEMIA

Loss:

Thalassemia Major:

A

AKA Cooley’s anemia

Homozygous Beta Thalasmsia

AKA medteranains thalasemia

163
Q

ANEMIA

Loss:

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh- Mother, Rh+ Father, Rh+ baby

164
Q

ANEMIA

Decreased productions of RBC

Nutritional

Iron Defieicent

A

most common

microcutic

hypochromic

  • paler in color
165
Q

ANEMIA

Decreased productions of RBC

pernicious:

A

due to lack of intrinsic factor

166
Q

ANEMIA

Decreased productions of RBC

Folic acid

A

seen in pregnancy

167
Q

ANEMIA

Decreased productions of RBC

B12

A

seen in vegetarians

168
Q

ANEMIA

Decreased productions of RBC

Bone Marrow suppression

A

Decreased Rbc”s due to toxins or chemotherapy

169
Q

ANEMIA

POLYCYTHEMIA: Increase in RBC”S

A

Can be in response to high altitudes or lung problems

Vera true pathological condition

170
Q

ANEMIA

Thrombocytopenia

A

decreased platlets in the blood

megakarycytes

171
Q

PROCESS OF COAGULATION:

A
  1. Injury leads to release of thromboplastin
  2. Leads to production of prothrombin to thrombin (acts as catalyst)
  3. Thromboplastin is thought to be releseaed by damaged cells
  4. Prothrombin is formed in the liver
  5. Fibrinogen is formed in the liver

Positive feedback: the more thrombin produced, the more fibrin is
produced

172
Q

Which is a decrease in platelet rbc and wbc ?

A

pancytopenia

173
Q

What type of anemia is it when there is a degneration of bone marrow?

A

Aplastic anemia

174
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

IgA

A

Exocrine secretions, milk, tears and saliva

175
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

IgD

A

Unknown

176
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

IgE

A

Lines respiratory and intestinal tracts. Associated with allergies (increased eosinophils), asthma, Hay fever

177
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

IgG:

A

Major antibody against virus, bacteria, toxins. Passes placenta

178
Q

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:

IgM:

A

Early part of every immune response

179
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS:

Type I:

A

ANAPHYLACTIC:

Seen in bronchial asthma, Hay fever, food
allergies, drug reactions, bee stings.

Mast cells and basophils make histamine.

Reaction occurs in minutes

180
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS:

Type II

A

CYTOTOXIC or autoimmune:

Eruthroplasosis fetalis

Goodpatures

IgG and IgM produced

Reaction takes hours to days .

181
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS:

Type III

A

IMMUNE COMPLEX

Seen in serum sickness, acute
glomerulonephritis, SLE, Arthus reaction. IgG/ antigen antibodycomplex produced.

Takes days

182
Q

HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS:

Type IV:

A

DELAYED:

Seen in TB testing, transplant rej ection,
comtact dermatitis  (poison ivy).

Antigen sensitive T cells. contact

Takes a few days

183
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Rheumatoid:

A

Inflammatory condition usually begins in the hands.

SYmmetrical distribution.

Leads to deformity (ulnar deviation of the wrist) and ankylosis in the spine.

produces)***pannus jformation over the joints (an exudate on synovial cells.

Hayqarth’s and Bouchard’s nodes.

184
Q

Hayqarth’s

A

MCP

185
Q

Bouchard

A

PIP

186
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Osteoarthtis

A

A degenerative change that occurs in everyone.

Usually unilateral in ,distribution in weight bearing
joints such as thip and knees.

Produces decreased joint spacee, subchondral sclerosis and osteophytes

187
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Gouty arthritis

A

inability to digest purines

Produces synovial thickening and secondary inflammatory edema

(no pannus)

Excess uric acid in the blood leads to tophi
formation

188
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Reiters Disease:

A

Associated with Chalamidya associated with

conjunctivitis, urethritis and rheumaoid arthritis

189
Q

ARTHRITIS:

SLE

Malar Rash

A

A collagen disease (autoimmune) that can produce

arthritis

Produce skin changes

Libman Sack endocarditis

Formation of anutobies against DNA

TEST - ANA tests

190
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Gonococoal

A

Usually affects the knee

191
Q

ARTHRITIS:

Hemophilia

A

usually affects the knee

192
Q

Pannus

A

Hypertrophy of the synovium

193
Q

Clotting cascade

A

Prothrombin: made in the liver and the liver puts it in the blood

  1. Moves into the blood
  2. With addition of calcium
  3. Thrombin
  4. Fibrinogen
  5. Clots
194
Q

Type I

A

Anaphylactic

Time: 15- 30 min Imidiete

Disorder: Bee Sting, Hay fever Bronchiol asma

Immune Response: IgE , Mast cells Basophils

195
Q

Type II

A

Cytotoxic

TIme: Min to hours

Disorders: Goodpateurs , Myseia Gravis, Erythroblastosis fetalis

Blood transfusions , Graves

Immune System:

IGG

Target cells , Phagocytosis

196
Q

Type III

A

Immune Complex Disease

Disorder: Arthus reaction,

Serum sickness (Systemic Necrosis)

RA

Lupus

IGG

197
Q

Type Iv

A

Cell mediated Delayed hypersensitivity

Disorder: TB, Contact Dermatitis, regected transplant

Cell: T cell

198
Q

Goodpasturas = l

A

lung and kidneys

199
Q

II

A

Anitgen directly attack

Use IgG

200
Q

III

A

Antigen and antibody IgG

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