Path

Question 1

What are the types of cellular adaptation?

Answer 1

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia

Question 2

What is atrophy? What is the mechanism? What is a clinical finding?

Answer 2

decrease in cell size and number due to autophagic vacuoles or ubiquitin-proteasome
find lipofusin-undigested lipid

Question 3

What is hypertrophy? What is the mechanism? What are some examples?

Answer 3

increase in size of cells
due to growth factors
beta from myosin heavy chains and ANF when chronic HBP

Question 4

What is hyperplasia? What are some examples?

Answer 4

increase in number of cells

endometrial hyperplasia, EPO in high altitude, breast development, HPV

Question 5

What is metaplasia? What are some examples?

Answer 5

replacement of fully differentiated cell type with another
acid reflux (squamous to glandular in Barrett's esophagus)
smoking-glandular to squamous

Question 6

What are nondividing cells?

Answer 6

cardiac and neurons–>cannot undergo hyperplasia

Question 7

What are quiescent cells?

Answer 7

liver and kidney

Question 8

What is reversible injury? What is the mechanism?

Answer 8

swelling of ER and mitochondria
decrease in oxidative phoshorylation leads to decrease in ATP, decrease in Na/K ATPase, Na stays in cell and water follows it

Question 9

What are the leading causes of cell injury?

Answer 9

hypoxia and ischemia

Question 10

What is hypoxia?

Answer 10

low oxygen

Question 11

What is ischemia?

Answer 11

low oxygen and nutrients

Question 12

What is infarct?

Answer 12

localized area of coagulative necrosis

Question 13

What is pyknosis?

Answer 13

nucleus condensed into clumps

Question 14

What is karyohexis?

Answer 14

nucleus fragments

Question 15

What is karyolysis?

Answer 15

nucleus fully lysed

Question 16

What is coagulative necrosis? What is the pathological finding?

Answer 16

happens from ischemia to all parts except brain
coagulation of proteins
outline without nuclei

Question 17

What is liquefactive necrosis? What would cause it?

Answer 17

enzyme digestion into a viscous liquid

abscess due to bacterial infetion or hypoxia in brain

Question 18

What is caseous necrosis? When is it seen?

Answer 18

combination of liquefactive and coagulative

TB and fungal infections

Question 19

What is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 19

no blood supply

Question 20

What is fat necrosis?

Answer 20

occurs in breast, pancreas, white chalky foci if from lipases

Question 21

What is saponification?

Answer 21

free fatty acids+calcium

Question 22

What are pro apoptotic proteins?

Answer 22

BAK BAX (allow leakage of cytochrome c)

Question 23

What are anti apoptotic proteins?

Answer 23

Bcl2, Bcl-xl, MCL1 (prevent leakage of cytochrome c)

Question 24

What does entry of calcium do to the cell?

Answer 24

activates enzymes and increases permeability

increased permeability can cause irreversible injury–>leaking of cytochrome c

Question 25

What are clinical markers of leaking enzymes?

Answer 25

CK-MB, Troponin, LDH | coagulative necrosis has occurred

Question 26

What is a reperfusion injury?

Answer 26

treat with tPA and blood flow returns but brings increased free radicals increased oxidative stress

Question 27

What is steatosis?

Answer 27

accumulation of triglycerides in the liver due to increased esterification causes-alcohol, malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypoxia

Question 28

What are xanthomas?

Answer 28

deposits of cholesterol in a macrophage

Question 29

What is an extracellular pigment deposition?

Answer 29

coal worker's pneumononiosis

Question 30

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 30

deposition of calcium on dead tissues due to atherosclerosis, calcified granulomas, aortic stenosis normal calcium levels

Question 31

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 31

calcification of normal tissues (lung, kidney, gastric mucosa) elevated calcium levels due to multiple myeloma, hyperparathyroidism, bone metastasis, hypervitaminosis D, sarcoidosis calcium appears deep blue on H and E