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Pathology 5 final review > Path 5 final review > Flashcards

Path 5 final review Flashcards

1
Q

pain that is resistant or refractory to treatment

A

Intractable pain

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2
Q

absence of pain in response to stimulation which would normally be painful

A

Analgesia

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3
Q

Continuous, slow, wormlike movement of the limb, face or body

A

Athetosis

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4
Q

brief, rapid, jerky purposeless movement

A

Chorea

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5
Q

a physical loss of function, eg. walking

A

Disability

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6
Q

the degree of disadvantage that disability puts you into, in daily life

A

Handicap

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7
Q

a diagrammatic representation of both sensory and motor innervations of the body in the brain

A

Homunculus

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8
Q

Inflammation of a nerve or nerves

A

neuritis

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9
Q

the perception of pain

A

nociception

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10
Q

a group of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

nucleus

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11
Q

weakness or incomplete loss of movement

A

paresis

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12
Q

weakness on one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

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13
Q

an abnormal sensation such as pins and needles or burning

A

paresthesia

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14
Q

LMN lesion result in flaccid

A

Paralysis

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15
Q

both limbs on one side

A

hemi

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16
Q

one side

A

hemiplegia

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17
Q

Lower motor neuron lesion

A
  • Peripheral nerve injury
  • Hyporeflexia - decreased deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
  • Muscle atrophy and wasting due to loss of spinal reflexes [stretch reflex]
  • Muscle flaccidity and decreased muscle tone [flaccid paralysis]
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18
Q

[UMN] Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A
  • Central nervous system injury
  • Hyperreflexia - increased DTR
  • Spasticity and increased muscle tone [spastic paralysis]
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19
Q

Spina Bifida

A
  • Meningomyelocele is the most common

- Paralysis usually affects the bladder and rectal function, eventually leading to severely damaged kidneys.

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20
Q

Syringomyelia

A
  • A cape-like sensory deficit over the shoulders and back is common.
  • Possible cause of disruption of sympatric activity to the eye.
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21
Q

Arnold-Chiari [Chiari] Malformations

A

Type II -in an infant or child, congenital

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22
Q

Congenital Hydrocephalus “Water on the brain”

A

-Results from impaired reabsorption of CSF from the arachnoid villi into the venous system, e.g. malformation, scarring from infection [meningitis] [Obstruction to CSF occurs OUTSIDE the ventricular system] - communicating

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23
Q

Non-communicating

A

-Due to blockage in the ventricular system whereby CSF cannot reach the arachnoid villi, e.g. malformation, tumour, inflammation [Obstruction to CSF occurs INSIDE the ventricular system]

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24
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A

There are 4 main groups:

1) Spastic Most common (70%), UMN involvement in cortex
2) Dyskinetic [Athetoid], involves the basal ganglia (20%) , Athetosis: slow writhing movements of the extremities. Chorea: quick, jerky, purposeless movements may also occur
3) Ataxic 5% , Affects cerebellum
4) Mixed 13%

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25
Q

Traumatic Injury

A

Concussion -Some people have concussions and don’t realize it. Produces no obvious bruising of the brain.

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26
Q

Hematomas

A

2 types - Epidural & Subdural

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27
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A
  • Occur between the inner skull bones and the Dura.
  • Arterial: high pressure bleed, Middle meningeal arteries
  • Middle meningeal artery affected
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28
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Massive brain trauma

- A subdural hematoma develops between the Dura and the arachnoid space.

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29
Q

Acute Subdural Hematoma

A

-Abrupt but slower onset

30
Q

Chronic Subdural Hematoma

A
  • Subdural hematomas can also occur after a very minor head injury, especially in the elderly. In the elderly, the veins are often already stretched because of brain atrophy.
  • May be confused with dementia in elderly
31
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A
  • The most common cause of any form of subarachnoid hemorrhage is trauma.(cranial trauma)
  • Headache- described as “one of the worst-ever experiences” Caused Seizure
32
Q

Cerebral Contusion (Coup-Contre-Coup)

A
  • An injury to the head causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull
  • The head from a motor vehicle crash, headache and dizziness are common
33
Q

Spinal Cord Injury

A

-The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to L1 or L2. The cord extends as the cauda equina [horses tail] and then

34
Q

Brown-Séquard syndrome

A

[ipsilateral motor control], there is a loss of motor function, pro-prioception, vibration, and light touch. Contralaterally (opposite side of injury) [contralateral temperature sensation], there is a loss of pain, temperature and deep touch sensations.

35
Q

Most common causes of spinal cord injury are:

A
  • Motor vehicle accidents. 50 percent of new spinal cord injuries each year.
  • Falls. Spinal cord injury after age 65 is often caused by a fall. Overall, falls make up approximately 24%.
36
Q

Arteriovenous Malformations

A

These are the most common of congenital malformations

37
Q

Aneurysms

A
  • An aneurysm is a ballooning of the artery due to weakness of the wall and intravascular pressure.
  • Causes can be: developmental, atherosclerosis, hypertension, trauma.
38
Q
  1. Berry Aneurysm
A
  • At the Circle of Willis, most commonly involves the middle cerebral artery
  • rupture results in subarachnoid hemorrhage, with 35% mortality during initial phase
  • the enlargement of the aneurysm may com
39
Q
  1. Aortic Aneurysms:
A

2 types - Thoracic or Abdominal

40
Q

Thoracic

A

can produce chronic hoarseness and difficulty swallowing [dysphagia]

41
Q

Abdominal

A
  • severe low back pain
42
Q
  1. Dissecting Aneurysm
A

-Aneurysm Treatment: surgical clipping or patch repair of the artery, or coil-induced clotting of the aneurysm [neurosurgery: craniotomy and clipping of aneurysm]

43
Q

two main types of strokes

A

ischemic and Hemorrhagic strokes

44
Q

Ischemic strokes

A

are caused by an interruption of blood flow in a cerebral vessel and are the most common type of stroke accounting for 70 - 80% of strokes. They are typically caused by cerebral thrombosis due to arteriosclerosis or embolism (e.g. atrial fibrillation).

45
Q

Hemorrhagic strokes

A

are caused by bleeding into brain tissue. This type of stroke usually is from a blood vessel rupture by hypertension, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation or head injuries. Hemorrhagic strokes have a much higher fatality rate than ischemic strokes.

46
Q

Meningitis

A

is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord, usually due to the spread of an infection

47
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). This bacterium is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. It more commonly causes pneumonia, or ear, or sinus infections.

48
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A

It affects mainly teenagers and young adults and may cause local epidemics in college dormitories, boarding schools and military bases.

49
Q

Viral Meningitis

A

-Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, stiff cervical muscles

50
Q

Encephalitis

A

-Caused by Herpes viruses, arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks and other insects [about 5 types],
Rabies transmitted through animal bites. In unusual cases, severe S+S would include stupor

51
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  • Caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Certain ticks carry these bacteria.
  • There may be a “bulls eye” rash,[ erythema migrans] a flat or slightly raised red spot at the site of the tick bite.
52
Q

Reye’s Syndrome

A

-Aspirin has been linked with Reye’s syndrome.

53
Q

Guillain-Barre Syndrome [Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis]

A
  • A disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks part of the PNS Idiopathic, Possibly auto-immune
  • Usually follows a respiratory or GI infection [66%]
  • Symmetrical weakness, tingling and decreased deep tendon reflexes [extrenities]
  • Moves proximally from legs to trunk and arms [progressive ascending (musles weakness) paralysis]
54
Q

Poliomyelitis & Post-Polio Syndrome

A

10-40 years after polio virus infection

  • Polio virus targets intestinal mucosa first and after infects the anterior horn cells
  • Polio is eradicated in Canada due to vaccinations but is still seen in certain regions in the world
  • Resembles flu
55
Q

Tension [Tension-Type Headache]

A

-Most common headache, caused by grinding your teeth, poor posture, from stress

56
Q

Migraine

A

Caused by vasoconstriction of cerebral blood vessels, blind spots (scotomas)

57
Q

Cluster Headaches

A

at night, Males more than females, unilateral, Severe pain in eye or temple region

58
Q

Sinus Headaches:

A

often aggravated by forward bending

59
Q

Chemical

A

Hormone, hunger (low sugar), hangover, rebound (too much pain medication)

60
Q

Thunderclap Headaches

A

Bleeding between the brain and membranes covering the brain

61
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • Degenerative disease of the substantia nigra cells (a decrease in dopamine)
  • Dopamine helps the basal ganglia to maintain balance, posture and co-ordination (agonists vs. antagonists)
  • Causes can include environmental, genetics, head trauma (boxer’s), drug-induced (reversible)
  • Bradykinesia: difficulty in initiating or sustaining movement (loss in the ability to control body movement)
  • Shuffling or festinating gait , stopped posture, change in thinking ability
62
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A
  • Rare genetic disorder
  • Dementia
  • Choreiform movements (irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movements)
  • Due to degeneration of basal ganglia
63
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • The further away from the equator, the higher the incidence
  • Auto-immune
  • Myelin and/or oligodendrocytes damaged by immune response
  • Environment: further from equator=higher incidence
  • Patchy inflammation, sclerosis and plaques in CNS
  • fatigue if it is too warm, keep treatment room cool due to fatigue with higher temps.
64
Q

Dementia

A

A deterioration in cognitive/intellectual function.

65
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

-Neuro-fibrillary tangles - tau proteins degenerate[ widespread neurofibrillary tangles composed of abnormal proteins],

66
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

-The condition is due to a B1 (thiamine) deficiency

67
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

[change rapidly progressive dementia due to neuronal degeneration ataxia like Alzheimers]

68
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

(Tic Douloureux)

  • It is triggered by benign stimuli such as brushing teeth, drinking, eating, talking or even wind.
  • Trigeminal neuralgia is thought to be caused by pressure on the nerve by a blood vessel although it can occur along with other conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
69
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A
  • Bell’s palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis, resulting from damage or trauma, to one of the two facial nerves.
  • Rarely it can be bilateral.
  • Weakness or paralysis of region supplied by facial nerve(CN7)
  • Lower motor neuron injury, flaccid, paralysis, drooping eyelid, corner of the month
  • Moist heat, acupuncture
70
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A
  • Constricted pupil [miosis]
  • Drooping eyelid [ptosis]
  • Lack of face sweating [anhydrosis]

Pathology 5 final review (2 decks)

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