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resp tutorial > Pat resp tutorial > Flashcards

Pat resp tutorial Flashcards

1
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right = 3
Left = 2

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2
Q

What is dichotomous branching?

A

Bronchioles continuously dividing into 2

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage in the airways?

A

Mechanical stability

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4
Q

What shape is the cartilage in the trachea and why?

A

C-shaped
due to oesophagus running behind it.

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5
Q

What are the 4 different cell types in the alveoli?

A

1) Type I cells
2) Type 2 cells
3) Macrophages
4) Fibroblasts

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6
Q

What do type I cells do?

A

very thin
delicate
facilitate gas exchange

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7
Q

What do type II cells do and secrete?

A

replicate to replace type I cells
secrete SURFACTANT and ANTIPROTEASES which accumulate on alveolar lumen surface

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8
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

phagocytose inhaled particulates/pathogens

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9
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

remodel ECM following lung injury

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10
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

reduces surface tension which prevent alveoli from collapsing inwards (making gas exchange possible)

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11
Q

What is the expulsion of mucus called by the movement of cilia?

A

mucociliary clearance

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12
Q

How do cilia beat?

A

metachronally

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that submucosal glands contain?

A

1) Mucous cells (secrete mucous)
2) Serous cells (secrete anti-bacterial enzymes that help protect the airways)

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14
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation?

A

Minute ventilation = respiratory rate x tidal volume

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14
Q

What happens during inflammation?

A

1) Airway smooth muscle increases in size (hypertrophy and proliferation)
2) Airway contracts so there is less space for air to flow through
3) Increased secretion of inflammatory mediators

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14
Q

What are the innverations of the airways? Relaxing and constricting

A

Relaxing: adrenaline and nitric oxide
Constricting: parasympathetic nerves (cholinergic)

14
Q

What is the function of airway smooth muscle? (3)

A

1) Provide structure to the airway.
2) Help maintain tone of the airway (contraction and relaxation).
3) Secrete inflammatory mediators.

15
Q

How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation = respiratory rate x (tidal volume - dead space)

15
Q

What is the anatomical dead space?

A

‘conducting zone’
NO gas exchange in this area
~150ml in adults

15
Q

What is the alveolar (functional) dead space?

A

NO gas exchange due to lack of perfusion
0ml in healthy adult

16
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space between visceral and parietal pleura

17
Q

What is left shift?

A

increased affinity for Hb for oxygen (doesn’t want to unload to tissues)

18
Q

What is right shift?

A

decreased affinity of Hb for oxygen (wants to unload to tissues)

19
Q

What happens to the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve when exercising?

A

Muscles undergo respiration, producing CO2 (hypercapnia)
pH decreases
right shift
Hb decreases affinity to oxygen to unload it to tissues in need

Temp in muscles increases
right shift

20
Q

What happens to the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve during polycythaemia?

A

curve shifts UP

21
Q

What happens to the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve during anaemia?

A

curve shifts DOWN

22
Q

What is foetal haemoglobin’s affinity?

A

greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from mothers blood in placenta

23
Q

What is myoglobin’s affinity?

A

Much much greater affinity than adult HbA to ‘extract’ oxygen from circulating blood and store it

24
Q

DIVE

A

dorsal inspiration
ventral expiration

25
Q

What is the apenustic centre?

A

Located in pons
Activates dorsal resp group (DRG) = main ON switch

26
Q

What is the pneumotaxic centre?

A

Loacted in pons
Inhibits dorsal resp group = main OFF switch

27
Q

What can inhibit the apenustic centre?

A

ventral resp group

28
Q

What happens to the proportions of oxygen and CO2 in your body when you hold your breath?

A

oxygen drops
CO2 rises
as soon as CO2 exceeds ‘CO2 threshold for breathing’ you struggle to hold your breath

29
Q

What is alkalemia?

A

high blood pH

30
Q

What is acidaemia?

A

low blood pH

31
Q

What does hyperventilation lead to?

A

breathing CO2 out
decrease H+
alkalosis

32
Q

What does hypoventilation lead to?

A

retaining CO2
increase H+
acidosis

33
Q

What are the changes in CO2/proton conc of the blood detected by?

A

carotid bodies and aortic bodies = peripheral chemoreceptors

resp tutorial (1 decks)

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