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Pasteurellaceae Flashcards

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1
Q

three genera

  • Haemophi,,,
  • Actin….
  • Paster….

small, Gram ……, non spore forming, non ….. and aerobic or …… ……… bacilli

…….. growth requirments

A 
Three genera 
Haemophilus,
Actinobacillus 
Pasteurella.
Small, Gram negative, non spore forming, non motile and aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacilli.
Fastidious growth requirements.
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2
Q

Haemophilus

Small …….., Gram negative bacteria.
Greek for blood loving

Obligate ……. of mucous membranes of huans and some animals

H,influenzae most commonly associated with disease

  • others H,ducreyi (chancriod)
  • H.aphro…. (can cause …..)
A

Small pleomorphic, Gram negative bacteria.
Greek ‘blood loving’.
Obligate parasites of mucous membranes of humans and some animals.
H.influenzae most commonly associated with disease.
Others H.ducreyi (chancroid)
H.aphrophilus (can cause endocarditis).

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3
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

Fastidious growth requirements
…… (Haemin)
- V ……. Nicotinamide A……. dinucleotide

Present in blood but needs ….. to release the factors

Can grow on blood agar in presence of …… because of haemolysis and …….. released by bacteria during growth

A

Fastidious growth requirements.
Requires X factor (haemin)
V factor Nicotinamide Adenine
dinucleotide.
Present in blood but needs heating to release the factors.
Can grow on blood agar in presence of S.aureus because of haemolysis and V factor released by bacteria during growth.

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4
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

structure:
- cell wall typical of …… except differences in ….
- Lacks repeating terminal ….. ie has no oxygen

2 distinct forms of Lipid A in HI not found in others
- LPS more accurately called ….

Neutral core …… vary within strains and generations

A

Structure:
Cell wall typical of Gram negative except differences in LPS.
Lacks repeating terminal side chains, ie. has no O antigen.
2 distinct forms of Lipid A in HI not found in others.
LPS more accurately called LOS.
Neutral core oligosaccharides vary within strains and generations.

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5
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

  • Strain and species specific outer …….. proteins

may be …. or non ……

6 strains of capsulated . a-f
- Type ….. caused most invasive disease prior to …….vaccine

9 serotypes on basis of 3 biochemical reactions
- Indole, …… and ……. decarboxylase

A

Strain and species specific outer membrane proteins.
May be capsulated or non capsulated.
6 strains of capsulated. a-f
Type B caused most invasive disease prior to HIB vaccine.
9 serotypes on basis of 3 biochemical reactions
Indole,urea and ornithine decarboxylase.

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6
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Virulence factors

Presence of ….
- Contains polyribitol …… ……., PRP

Pili
- Mediates ……… and adherence

IgA1 protease
Type B produces bacteriocin ……..

A

Presence of capsule.
Contains polyribitol ribitol phosphate. PRP.
Pili.
Mediates haemagglutination and adherence.
IgA1 protease.
Type B produces bacteriocin haemocin.

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7
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Epidemiology

Haemophilus species present in most individuals
- Mostly n……..

Haemophilus ……… constitutes 10% of bacteria in ……

Epidemiology of HI has changed in recent years following vaccine for type B
- Mostly other …….. and non …… seen now.

A

Haemophilus species present in most individuals.
Mostly non capsulated.
Haemophilus parainfluenzae constitutes 10% of bacteria in saliva.
Epidemiology of HI has changed in recent years following vaccine for type B.
Mostly other capsulated and non typeable seen now.

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8
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Clinical syndromes

Meningitis

  • spread of bacteria from ……..
  • Type …. was one of the major causes of paediatric …….- Now only occurs in non-…….. susceptible individuals.

Epiglottits
- Used to be common in young children. Now rate.

Cellulitits and arthritis in children - now rare

A

Meningitis.
Spread of bacteria from nasopharynx.
Type B was one of the major causes of pediatric meningitis.
Now only occurs in non-immune susceptible individuals.
Epiglottitis.
Used to be common in young children. Now rare.
Cellulitis and arthritis in children – now rare.

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9
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

  • Otit.., sinus.., and lower …. tract infection
  • e….. infection
  • o…. infection
  • Often colonise indivi… with existing … …… disease

Often follows viral …..

A

Otitis, sinusitis and Lower respiratory tract infection.
Eye infections.
Opportunistic infection.
Often colonise individuals with existing chronic pulmonary disease.
Often follows viral infection

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10
Q

infections caused by other haemophilus sp.

H.parainfluenzae causes res….. …… , sin……

H. Influezae biotype aegytpus causes c…..
- Brazillian purp….. fever caused by a specific strain

H, ducreyi causes chanchroid

  • STD most common in men
  • Women a……… Ulcerative lesion on genitals or…….. area
A

H.parainfluenzae causes respiratory infection, sinusitis etc.
H.Influenzae biotype aegyptus causes conjunctivitis.
Brazilian purpuric fever caused by a specific strain.
H.ducreyi causes chanchroid.
STD most common in men.
Women asymptomatic. Ulcerative lesion on genitalis or perianal area.

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11
Q

Laboratory diagnosis and treatment

Growth on ….. agar

Requirement for X and V factors on nutrient agar

Treatment with …… or ……. if sensitive

Vaccination with ……. …..

A

Growth on chocolate agar.
Requirement for X and V factors on nutrient agar.
Treatment with cephalosporins or ampicillin if sensitive.
Vaccination with conjugated PRP.

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12
Q

Pasteurella sp.

Gram ……, non …. faculatatively anaerobic coccobacilli or ….

  • …… positive
  • ……. positive
  • …….. positive

Susceptible to penicillin, Cephalosporins and ……

A

Gram negative, non motile facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli or rods.
Oxidase positive.
Catalase positive.
Indole positive.
Susceptible to penicillin, cephalosporins and tetracycline.

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13
Q

Pasteurella sp.

Found in respiratory tract of animals

…. of cat mouths
… of dogs

Human disease caused by…..

Infected bites and sometimes …… …..

Grey colonies on ……, characteristic ……
- No growth on …. agar

A

Found in respiratory tract of animals.
50-70% of cat mouths,
40-60% dogs.
Human disease caused by animal contact.
Infected bites and sometimes respiratory symptoms.
Grey colonies on Blood agar, characteristic odour.
No growth on MacConkey agar.

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14
Q

Neisseria sp.

10 species.

  • N. gonorrhaeae. N,meningits strictly …… pathogens
  • others colonise mucosal surface

Ae…., Gram ….. cocci in pairs, dipl…… capnophi….

Non… , Non spore …, oxidase……, mostly catalase ….. use carbohydrates …

Pathogenic species …..

A

10 species.
N.gonorrhaeae. N.meningitidis strictly human pathogens.
Others colonise mucosal surface.
Aerobic, gram, negative cocci in pairs, diplococci. Capnophilic.
Non motile, non spore forming. Oxidase positive, mostly catalase positive. Use carbohydrates oxidatively.
Pathogenic species capsulated.

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15
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

….. organism.

requires complex media to grow and is ….. by drying and …….. ……….

A

Fastidious organism. Requires complex media to grow and is damaged by drying and fatty acids.

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16
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae structure and virulence factors

Difficult ot recover form clinical specimens but transfers easily from …. to …….

Covered with a ……

Pili, controlled by pil gene complex and containing …. protein
- Important for attachment and immune …… because of highly variable exposed by …..

A

Difficult to recover from clinical specimens but transfers easily from person to person.
Covered with a capsule.
Pili, controlled by pil gene complex and containing pilin protein.
Important for attachment and immune evasion because of highly variable exposed carboxy terminus.

17
Q

Neisseria gonorrohoeae
structure and virulence

Outer membranes ……,

Por proteins (pore forming)

Opa proteins mediate binding to ……. cells

Iron acquestition via receptors for ,….., and for binding ……

Protease for cleaving ….. and a …. lacta…..

A

Outer membrane proteins,
Por proteins (pore forming),
Opa proteins mediate binding to epithelial cells.
Iron acqusition via receptors for transferrin, and for binding lactoferrin.
Protease for cleaving IgA and a Beta lactamase.
First noticed in 1976.

18
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea pathogenicity

attach to mucosal cells in localised areas, uro….., rectal or ………

Enter cells and multiply and then pass through the cells into the …… space

Contain LOS which ….. inflammatory response
- Release of ….. ….. cause the symptoms

A

Attach to mucosal cells in localised areas, urogenital, rectal or oropharyngeal.
Enter cells and multiply and then pass through the cells into the subepithelial space.
Contain LOS which stimulates inflammatory response
Release of TNF-alpha cause the symptoms.

19
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea Epidemiology

Only occurs in ….

Women have …. risk of becoming infected by …. contact men have ….. risk

Major reservoir for ….. is the asymptomatically infected person.

More common in women who have mild or asymptomatic ….., clear …… within a few weeks
- Lead to …

A

Only occurs in humans.
Women have 50% risk of becoming infected by single contact, men 20%.
Major reservoir for gonococci is the asymptomatically infected person.
More common in women who often have mild or asymptomatic infection, clear within a few weeks
Lead to carriage.

20
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea clinical syndromes

Men - urethra
- Purulent dischardge and …….. 2-5 days after infection

  • Complications rare, - epididymitis, prostatitis and abcesses

Women
- Infection of columnar ………. cells of the ………..

A

Men - Urethra.
Purulent discharge and dysuria 2-5 days after infection.
95% have acute symptoms.
Complications rare, - epididymitis, prostatitis and abcesses.
Women.
Infection of columnar epithelial cells of the endocervix.

21
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea Clinical syndromes

Women -
- Vaginal discharge, ….. and ……….. pain

ascending infection can cause sal…….., abscesses and pelvic inflammatory disease in 10-20% women

Disseminated infection, sep…………, b…… and joint infection 1-3% women, and much less in men

A

Women –
vaginal discharge, dysuria and abdominal pain.
Ascending infection can cause salpingitis, abscesses and pelvic inflammatory disease in 10-20% women.
Disseminated infection, septicaemia, bones and joint infection 1-3% women, and much less in men.

22
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea

Associated disease:

  • Per………….. - Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome;
  • Purulent ……….. of the newborn - opthalmia neonatorum;
  • Anal rectal ………..and phay…….

DIagnosis by growth on selective medium.
- Gram ….. and bioch……. tests eg. Gonochek and Api strips

A

Associated diseases :
Perihepatis – Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome;
Purulent conjunctivis of the newborn – opthalmia neonatorum;
Anal rectal gonorrhoea and pharyngitis.
Diagnosis by growth on selective medium,
Gram stain and biochemical tests eg. Gonochek and Api strips.

23
Q

Neisseria meningtitdis

…… Gram …… diplococci

Colonises …….. but causes serious disease, very rapid progression

Grows on chocolate agar, oxidase …..

Divided into serogroups and serotypes

  • !3 serogroups based on ………. typing
  • Types ..,..,.. most commonly associated with meningitis.
A

Encapsulated Gram negative diplococci.
Colonises oropharynx but causes serious disease, very rapid progression.
Grows on chocolate agar. Oxidase positive.
Divided into serogroups and serotypes.
13 serogroups based on capsular typing.
Types A,B,C most commonly associated with meningitis.

24
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

  • Group .. belong to a single serotype,
  • Groups Band .. - multiple serotypes

Epidemiology: Worldwide occurrence
- 90% of cases caused by ..,..,..

Transmitted by …….. …….. during close contact.

Humans only natural carriers
- Carriage rate varies by <1-40%

A 
Group A belong to a single serotype,
Groups Band C – multiple serotypes.
Epidemiology: Worldwide occurrence.
90% of cases caused by A,B,C.
Transmitted by respiratory droplets during close contact.
Humans only natural carriers.  
Carriage rate varies by <1-40%.
25
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

  • Carriage may be t……., inte….., or chronic
  • Does not vary with the season although disease rates do
  • Carriage results in serogroup specific ……….. which are cross reactive
  • Disease may result from the individuals carriage strain or a new strain to which they lack ……….
  • May be linked to viral infections
A

Carriage may be transient, intermittent or chronic.
Doesn’t vary with the season although disease rates do.
Carriage results in serogroup specific antibodies which are cross reactive.
Disease may result from the individuals carriage strain or a new strain to which they lack antibodies.
May be linked to viral infections.

26
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

Protection during first months of life from maternal antibodies

Vaccine available for groups A and C,
- Not long lasting and poorly immuno……. in under .. yr old

Capsule of type B contains ……. ….. which is found in human nervous system
- Not imm……….

A

Protection during first months of life from maternal antibodies.
Vaccine available for groups A and C,
Not long lasting and poorly immunogenic in under 2 yrs old.
Capsule of type B contains neuramic acid which is found in human nervous system.
Not immunogenic.

27
Q

Neisseria meningitidis Pathogenesis

Outcome to exposure to NM depends on:

  • Colonisation of the ……….
  • Presence of performed ………….
  • systemic spread without ……….
  • whether toxic effects of … ………. are expressed
  • access to cns
A 
Outcome to exposure to NM depends on:
Colonisation of the oropharynx.
Presence of preformed antibodies.
Systemic spread without phagocytosis.
Whether toxic effects of LOS endotoxin are expressed.
Access to CNS.
28
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

Meningitis
- Abrupt symptoms headache, fever, photophobia. May be non-specific vomiting or fever

Meningococcemia with or without meningitis
- Th…….. of small blood vessels and multiorgan.
- Disseminated ………..coagulation with shock an a……… gland destruction - Waterhouse- Friderischesen
syndrome

A

Meningitis.
Abrupt symptoms headache, fever, photophobia. May be non-specific vomiting or fever.
Meningococcemia with or without meningitis.
Thrombosis of small blood vessels and multiorgan involvement.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation with shock and adrenal gland destruction – Waterhouse-Friderischsen syndrome.

29
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

May also cause milder chronic septicaemia with fever arthritis and skin lesions

Pneumonia, arthritis and urethritis

Important to treat as soon as symptoms recognised
- Prophylaxis for contacts

CSF,
- Blood....
- gram...
- ...... tests 
. P..
A 
May also cause milder chronic septicaemia with fever arthritis and skin lesions.
Pneumonia, arthritis and urethritis.
Important to treat as soon as symptons recognised.  
Prophylaxis for contacts.
CSF, 
blood cultures.
Gram stain
biochemical tests 
PCR.
30
Q

Other Neisserial infections

N.lactamic carried ………..

May stimulate antibodies to ..
Rarely associated with disease - but occasional reported ear and ………..

GC, NM and lactmica can be separated by ……reactions

A

N.lactamica carried asymptomatically.
May stimulate antibodies to NM.
Rarely associated with disease – but occasional reported ear and endocervix.
GC, NM and lactamica can be separated by sugar reactions.

Microbiology (13 decks)

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