Pastest - Cardiology

Question 1

What are the physical signs of mitral stenosis?

Answer 1

FUNCTIONAL: Dyspnoea and malar flush

Question 2

What are the signs of severity in mitral stenosis?

Answer 2

Dyspnoea at rest
Malar flush
Low pulse pressure
Early opening snap
Longer duration of murmur
Signs of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (V waves, parasternal heave, palpable and loud P2, functional TR with parasternal thrill, bibasal creps, pulsatile liver, peripheral oedema)
Graham Steell murmur of pulmonary regurgitation.

Question 3

What are the signs of severity in mitral regurgitation?

Answer 3

Dyspnoea at rest
Low pulse pressure
Displaces and thrusting apex beat
Soft S1
Presence of S3 (rapid ventricular filling)
Presence of S4 (just before S1 and signifies atrial contraction against a stiff LV wall)
Widely split second heart sound with early A2
Mid-diastolic flow murmur across the mitral valve

Signs of pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale (V waves, parasternal heave, palpable and loud P2, functional tricuspid regurgitation with parasternal thrill, bibasal crepitations, pulsatile liver and peripheral oedema)

Graham Steell murmur of pulmonary regurgitation

Question 4

What are the signs of severity in aortic stenosis?

Answer 4

Dyspnoea at rest
Slow rising pulse
Narrow pulse pressure
Heaving or displaced apex
Aortic thrill
Soft S2 with reversed splitting of second heart sound
Fourth heart sound
Longer duration murmur with later systolic accentuation
Signs of pulmonary hypertension
Signs of left heart failure