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Toxicology > Past questions > Flashcards

Past questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most toxic part of Poinsettia?

a. Sap
b. Both
c. Neither
d. Leaf

A

b. Both

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2
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to Colinum maculatum?

a. Its toxin inhibit the effect of glycine in the spinal cord
b. Its toxin inhibits the function of Na-K-ATPase in the plasma membrane
c. Its toxin binds to alpha-2 receptors and causes constriction to smooth muscle
d. Its toxin binds to synapses and causes nicotine-like effects

A

d. Its toxin binds to synapses and causes nicotine-like effects

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3
Q

Which substance is found in Bleeding heart?

a. Palustrin
b. Pseudocolchicine
c. Phytolaccine
d. Protopine

A

d. Protopine

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4
Q

Which clinical signs are caused in animals by the venom of the Centruroides spp?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Local pain, swelling
d. Paralysis of respiratory muscle

A

b. Both

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5
Q

Which plants can cause hepatogenous photosensitivity?

a. Sweet clover spp.
b. Monkshood spp.
c. Lupine spp.
d. Sambucus spp.

A

c. Lupine spp.

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6
Q

Which mould fungi produce aflatoxins?

a. Aspergillus spp.
b. Fusarium spp.
c. Phomopsis spp.
d. Penicillum spp.

A

a. Aspergillus spp.

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7
Q

Which clinical feature is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide toxicosis?

a. Hard breathing
b. Lacrimation, nasal discharge
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

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8
Q

Which compound accumulates in the bones?

a. Organochlorines
b. Selenium
c. Lead
d. Copper

A

c. Lead

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9
Q

Which statement is true for anticoagulant rodenticides?

a. Neither
b. They cause poisonings most frequently as a toxic bait
c. Both
d. The toxicity of drugs of the 2nd generation is much more pronounced

A

c. Both

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10
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Hydroxylamine produced from them interferes with transaminations
b. It induces production of nitrosamines in the stomach
c. Neither
d. Both

A

d. Both

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11
Q

Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis?

a. Ringer lactate
b. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate
c. No infusion is needed, it can also be contraindicated
d. Potassium rich infusions

A

b. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

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12
Q

Which mechanism of action of NOT characteristic to ethylene glycol?

a. It binds with ionised calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals
b. Inhibits the function of alcohol dehydrogenase
c. Its acidic metabolites cause acidosis
d. Is passes through the blood-brain barrier

A

b. Inhibits the function of alcohol dehydrogenase

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13
Q

In ethylene glycol toxicosis which substance is not directly toxic for the kidney?

a. Ethylene glycol
b. Glycolic acid
c. Calcium oxalate
d. Glioxilic acid

A

a. Ethylene glycol

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14
Q

Which antidote is useful in copper poisoning?

a. Pralidoxime
b. Dimercaprol
c. Deferoxamine
d. D-penicillamine

A

d. D-penicillamine

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15
Q

Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. It blocks the function of haemoglobin synthesise
d. It produces nitrosamines in the stomach

A

d. It produces nitrosamines in the stomach

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16
Q

What is characteristic to the kinetic profile of zearalenone?

a. Zeranol is the anabolic metabolite of zearalenone
b. Neither
c. Both
d. The luminal microflora can metabolise zearalenone

A

c. Both

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17
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by viper snakes?

a. Hepatoprotective agents
b. Apomorphine
c. Aodium sulphate
d. Antivenin

A

d. Antivenin

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18
Q

Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to copper?

a. Binds to the sulfhydril groups of proteins
b. Damages the mucous membranes because of complex formation and acidic pH
c. Causes severe vasodilation
d. Causes lipid per oxidation in the membrane of erythrocytes and lysosomes

A

d. Causes lipid per oxidation in the membrane of erythrocytes and lysosomes

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19
Q

Which statement is true?

a. Ferri compounds are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
b. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be explained by its binding to lipids
c. The liver can store a large amount of copper
d. The alkyl mercury derivatives can cause CNS excitement in each animal species

A

c. The liver can store a large amount of copper

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20
Q

What kind of treatment would you use in metaldehydd poisoning?

a. Barbiturates
b. D-penicillamine
c. Ethanol
d. Pralidoxim

A

a. Barbiturates

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21
Q

Which antidote is useful in organophosphate poisoning?

a. Sodium thiosulphate
b. Acetylcysteine
c. Atropine sulphate
d. 4-methylpirazole

A

c. Atropine sulphate

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22
Q

Which statement is true for non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs?

a. They are well absorbed from the stomach and small intestine
b. Both
c. They inhibit the aggregation of thrombocytes
d. Neither

A

b. Both

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23
Q

Which substance or group of substances causes a yellow colour of hair, intestinal epithelium, and stomach-gut content?

a. Paraquat
b. Nitrophenols
c. Diquat
d. Thiram

A

b. Nitrophenols

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24
Q

Characteristics of the toxicokinetics of organophosphates:

a. They are always inactivated in the liver during metabolism
b. Excellent absorption from the skin
c. They do not cross the blood brain barrier
d. They are eliminated quickly with the urine

A

b. Excellent absorption from the skin

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25
Q

What is characteristic to glycosides?

a. Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses
b. They consist of sugar-free part and a sugar-component
c. Basic substances containing nitrogen
d. Proteins or polypeptides with high toxicity

A

b. They consist of sugar-free part and a sugar-component

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26
Q

Which antibiotic is PROHIBITED in guinea pigs?

a. Enrofloxacin
b. Marbofloxacin
c. Cefalexin
d. Cindamycin

A

d. Cindamycin

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27
Q

To which binds carbon monoxide in the blood stream?

a. To globulin
b. To the surface of erythrocytes
c. To albumin
d. To haemoglobin

A

d. To haemoglobin

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28
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide?

a. Damages the erythrocyte membrane
b. Causes spasm of glottis
c. Causes local irritation and cytotoxic anoxia
d. It is due to the sulphur atoms of glutathione that its level decreases

A

c. Causes local irritation and cytotoxic anoxia

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29
Q

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance?

a. Amitraz
b. Endosulphan
c. Diazinon
d. Parathion

A

b. Endosulphan

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30
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to phenoxyacetic acid derivates?

a. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed
b. Inhibit the oxidation of acetaldehyde
c. Participate in NADPH-dependent redox process
d. Inhibit oxidative phosphorilation

A

a. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed

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31
Q

Which antibiotic is PROHIBITED in hamsters?

a. Enrofloxacin
b. Ciprofloxacin
c. Cefalexin
d. Lincomycin

A

d. Lincomycin

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32
Q

What is the most toxic part of Flamingo flower

a. Flower
b. Leaf
c. Berry
d. Root

A

b. Leaf

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33
Q

Which type of accumulation is characteristic to organophosphate?

a. Biological accumulation
b. Physical accumulation
c. Chemical accumulation
d. Accumulation in the food-chain

A

a. Biological accumulation

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34
Q

Which is considered a “lethal synthesis” in the liver?

a. Diazoxon is formed from diazinon
b. Malathion is formed from parathion
c. Diazinon is formed from diazoxon
d. Parathion is formed from malathion

A

a. Diazoxon is formed from diazinon

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35
Q

Which of the following is the most toxic substance of plant origin?

a. Alkaloids
b. Metallic substances
c. Dyes of plant origin
d. Chelate-forming substances

A

a. Alkaloids

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36
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by butterfly toxins?

a. Erythema and blister can be seen on the skin
b. The hairs of butterflies induce irritation and pruritus of the skin
c. Neither
d. Both

A

d. Both

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37
Q

Which is NOT a clinical sign of diazinon toxicosis?

a. Bradycardia
b. Miosis
c. Paraparesis, paralysis
d. Broncheconstriction, dyspnoea

A

c. Paraparesis, paralysis

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38
Q

Which clinical signs are characteristic to urea poisoning?

a. Severe colic
b. Neither
c. Incoordination, staggering
d. Both

A

d. Both

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39
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrophenols?

a. Inhibit the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase
b. Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation
c. Because they inhibit the re-uptake of Ca2+ into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the relaxation time is delayed
d. Inhibit the activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylate in the brain

A

b. Inhibit oxidative phosphorylation

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40
Q

Which plant is known to cause damage primarily to the nervous system?

a. Hemlock
b. Vetch spp.
c. Redroot pigweed
d. Poinsettia

A

a. Hemlock

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41
Q

Which statement is true for methylxanthines?

a. In higher doses mainly the nervous system and the kidney are damaged
b. Inhibit conductance in the heart
c. Cause methaemoglobin formation
d. They increase mucous secretion in the stomach

A

a. In higher doses mainly the nervous system and the kidney are damaged

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42
Q

Which antidote is useful in ethylene glycol poisoning?

a. Acetylcysteine
b. DImercaprol
c. Ethanol
d. Pralidoxime

A

c. Ethanol

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43
Q

Which clinical feature is characteristic to carbon dioxide toxicosis?

a. Abdominal pain
b. The blood has a cherry red discolouration
c. Hypoxaemia, convulsions, ataxia
d. Expired air has garlic-like odour

A

c. Hypoxaemia, convulsions, ataxia

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44
Q

Which clinical sign is NOT characteristic to poisoning caused by acids?

a. Respiratory distress
b. Coagulative necrosis
c. Convulsions
d. Vomiting

A

a. Respiratory distress

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45
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to thiram?

a. Inhibits oxydative phosphorylation
b. It increases the tone of voluntary muscles, causing myotonia
c. Has mutagenic and teratogenic effects
d. Leads to extensive liquid influx from the tissues into the intestinal lumen

A

c. Has mutagenic and teratogenic effects

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46
Q

Which alkaloid is found in Angel’s trumpet?

a. Pirrolizidine
b. Tropane
c. Kinolizidine
d. Isoquinolone

A

b. Tropane

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47
Q

What is NOT a clinical feature of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?

a. Severe haemorrhage gastroenteritis
b. Anaemia
c. Haematoma
d. Haemorrhages in the body cavities

A

a. Severe haemorrhage gastroenteritis

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48
Q

Application of fenthion can produce the following clinical signs in cats:

a. Tachycardia, mydriasis, tremors, convulsions
b. Bradycardia, salivation, diarrhoea, urination, tremors, convulsions
c. Sedation, salivation, vomiting, hypothermia
d. Paraparesis, polydipsia, polyuria

A

b. Bradycardia, salivation, diarrhoea, urination, tremors, convulsions

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49
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of nitrate-nitrite poisoning?

a. Neither
b. Vasoconstrictor agents
c. Both
d. Methylene blue

A

c. Both

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50
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to sulphur dioxide?

a. Neither
b. Inhibits respiratory enzyme
c. Stimulates the receptors of gloms caroticum
d. Both

A

a. Neither

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51
Q

Which administration route has usually the lowest LD50 values among these?

a. Intravenous
b. Subcutaneous
c. Intramuscular
d. Oral

A

a. Intravenous

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52
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehyde?

a. Neither
b. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses
c. Severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract
d. Both

A

d. Both

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53
Q

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis?

a. Gastric and duodenal ulcers
b. Neither
c. Kidney necrosis, interstitial nephritis
d. Both

A

d. Both

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54
Q

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis?

a. Acute renal failure
b. Lung oedema
c. Behavioural signs
d. Strychnine-like convulsions

A

a. Acute renal failure

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55
Q

Which is NOT a clinical feature of inorganic mercury toxicosis?

a. Haemolysis
b. Abdominal pain
c. Profuse, bloody diarrhoea
c. Intensive vomiting

A

a. Haemolysis

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56
Q

How can the elimination of an acidic substance be facilitated via the kidney?

a. Alkalising the urine with Vitamin C
b. Acidifying urine with NaHCO3
c. Acidifying the urine with methionin
d. Alkalizing the urine with NaHCO3

A

d. Alkalizing the urine with NaHCO3

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57
Q

Which antidote can be used in lead toxicosis?

a. Dimercaprol
b. Acetylcysteine
c. Ca-Na-EDTA
d. Pralidoxim

A

c. Ca-Na-EDTA

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58
Q

Which substance is found in Daffodil spp.?

a. Alkaloids
b. Both
c. Neither
d. Glycosides

A

b. Both

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59
Q

Which substance is found in Larkspur spp.?

a. Delfinine
b. Digitonin
c. Diterpene ester
d. Desgluco-hellebrine

A

a. Delfinine

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60
Q

Which factor can influence the absorption of the xenobiotics from the gastrointestinal tract?

a. The lipid content of the feed
b. Neither
c. Both
d. The pH value of the certain part of the gastrointestinal tract

A

c. Both

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61
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by the venom of Centruroides spp?

a. Local pain, swelling
b. Paralysis of respiratory muscles
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

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62
Q

Which of the following is the most toxic substance of plant origin?

a. Chelate-forming substances
b. Glycosides
c. Metallic substances
d. Dyes of plant origin

A

b. Glycosides

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63
Q

After which time period are the clinical signs of Hemlock poisoning seen?

a. 1 month
b. 0.5 - 2 hours
c. 24 hours
d. 1 week

A

b. 0.5 - 2 hours

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64
Q

Which medicine is NOT useful in the treatment of acid poisoning?

a. Antibiotic
b. Sodium bicarbonate
c. Gastric lavage
d. MAgnesium oxide

A

c. Gastric lavage

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65
Q

What is the clinical characteristic of zearalenone poisoning?

a. Nervous syndrome
b. Disturbed oestrus cycle
c. Pulmonary edema
d. Gastrointestinal symptoms

A

b. Disturbed oestrus cycle

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66
Q

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance?

a. Endosulphan
b. Parathion
c. Amitraz
c. Diazinon

A

a. Endosulphan

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67
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to calcium disodium EDTA?

a. It inhibits the function of osteoclast cells
b. It makes a complex with the poison
c. It binds the oxalate
d. It helps detoxification of the poison

A

b. It makes a complex with the poison

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68
Q

In which poisoning can the following signs be seen:
Liquefaction necrosis, oedema at the injured area, alkalosis?

a. Neither
b. Alkali poisoning
c. Acid poisoning
d. Both

A

b. Alkali poisoning

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69
Q

The patient is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of NSAIDS if…

a. It has renal failure
b. It is anaemic
c. It has liver failure
d. It has heart failure

A

a. It has renal failure

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70
Q

Which animal species is the most sensitive to deoxynivalenol?

a. Cattle
b. Poultry
c. Horse
d. Swine

A

d. Swine

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71
Q

Which toxin can be found in Hemlock?

A

Coniine

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72
Q

Which toxin can be found in Yew?

A

Taxin

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73
Q

Which toxin can be found in Larkspur?

A

Delphinine

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74
Q

Which toxin can be found in Purple foxglove?

A

Digoxin

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75
Q

Which toxin can be found in Diffenbachia spp.?

A

Calcium-oxalate

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76
Q

Which toxin can be found in Potato?

A

Solanine

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77
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to Garlic?

A

Dogs

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78
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to carbamide / NPN?

A

Cattle

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79
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to Ethylene-glycol?

A

Cats and dogs

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80
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to Fluoride?

A

Cattle

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81
Q

Which species is the most sensitive to Salt?

A

Swine

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82
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Satratoxin?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

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83
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Penitrem?

A

Nervous system

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84
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Phomopsin?

A

Liver

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85
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Zearalenon?

A

Genitals

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86
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Ochratoxin?

A

Kidney

87
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Aflatoxin?

A

Liver

88
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of Fumonisin?

A

Nervous system

89
Q

Where is the primary lesion seen in case of T-2 toxin?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

90
Q

How can iron-dextran be administered, and in which animal species is this iron supplement frequently used?

A

Intramuscularly for piglets for iron deficiency

91
Q

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category:

  1. Extremely toxic
A

<5 mg/kg LD50

92
Q

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category:

  1. Highly toxic
A

5 - 50 mg/kg LD50

93
Q

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category:

  1. Moderately toxic
A

50 - 300 mg/kg LD50

94
Q

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category:

  1. Slightly toxic
A

300 - 2000 mg/kg LD50

95
Q

What is the toxicity (mg/kg LD50) for the toxicity category:

  1. Practically non-toxic
A

2000 - 5000 mg/kg LD50

96
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehydd?

a. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses
b. Severe irritation of the GI tract
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

97
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of zearaleonone poisoning?

a. Atropine
b. Domperidone (dopamine antagonist)
c. Prostaglandin F2-alpha
d. Oestradiol

A

c. Prostaglandin F2-alpha

98
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning by sweet clover?

a. Both
b. Blood transfusion
c. Neither
d. Calcium products

A

a. Both

99
Q

What kind of treatment would you apply in paracetamol toxicosis?

a. Acetylcysteine
b. Neither
c. VItamin C
d. Both

A

d. Both

100
Q

Which plant is known to cause kidney damage?

A

Lamb’s quarter

101
Q

Which is a toxicosis of human source?

A

Industrial contaminants

102
Q

Which substance of group of substances cause yellow collar of hair, intestinal epithelium and stomach-gut content?

A

Nitrophenols

103
Q

What is the effect of the venom of viper snakes?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Neurotoxic
d. Cardiotoxic

A

b. Both

104
Q

Which statement is true to passive diffusion?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. The lipid soluble and non-ionised molecules can pass through the membrane
d. The energy source of this process is the concentration gradient

A

b. Both

105
Q

Which compound is found in formica spp.?

A

Formic acid

106
Q

What is a clinical characteristic of acute diquat poisoning?

a. Severe diarrhoea
b. Pronounced thirst
c. Neither
d. Both

A

d. Both

107
Q

What is the recommended dose of deferoxamine in iron poisoning?

a. 5 mg/kgbw
b. 10 mg/kgbw
c. 20 mg/kgbw
d. 50 mg/kgbw

A

c. 20 mg/kgbw

108
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by Bleeding heart?

a. Both
b. Opisthotonus
c. Neither
d. Hyperexitability

A

a. Both

109
Q

Pralidoxim in the case of diazinon toxicosis…

A

Has to be administered intramuscularly within 24 hours of exposure

110
Q

An antidote that is a chelating agent

A

Dimercaprol

111
Q

Which pathological alterations is characteristic in urea poisoning?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Pulmonary oedema, congested lungs, liver dystrophy
d. High alkaline pH of rumen

A

b. Both

112
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?

A

The methemoglobin formed is not capable of transporting oxygen

113
Q

What may be the causes of teratogenic alterations?

a. Lead
b. Organic mercury
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

114
Q

Which type of accumulation is characteristic to organophosphates?

A

Biological accumulation

115
Q

Which compounds causes perforation of gastrointestinal tract after oral intake?

a. Acids
b. Alkalis
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

116
Q

Which statement is NOT true for anticoagulant rodenticides?

a. Pregnant and suckling animals are extremely sensitive to them
b. They accumulate in the body after multiple uptake
c. Poisoning can happen after the ingestion of poisoned rats
d. Their toxicity is the same after single and multiple uptake

A

d. Their toxicity is the same after single and multiple uptake

117
Q

Characteristic of the toxicokinetics of organophosphates:

a. They do not cross the blood brain barrier
b. They are always inactivated in the liver during metabolism
c. Excellent absorption from the skin
d. They are eliminated quickly with the urine

A

c. Excellent absorption from the skin

118
Q

What is characteristic to diquat?

a. On the skin it causes contact dermatitis with erythema
b. Deferoxamin can be applied as antidote
c. Rigor mortis develops fast
d. Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver

A

a. On the skin it causes contact dermatitis with erythema

119
Q

Which drug can be used in the treatment of organochlorine poisoning

a. Atropine
b. Fomepizole
c. Diazepam
d. Furosemide

A

c. Diazepam

120
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to Redroot pigweed?

a. It’s component decreases the amount of calcium ions in the blood
b. It’s component binds to cytochrome oxidase in the mitochondria
c. It’s component inhibits Na-K-ATPase in the cell membrane
d. It’s component binds to muscarinic type receptors

A

a. It’s component decreases the amount of calcium ions in the blood

121
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by Monkshood spp.?

a. Neither
b. Salivation, nausea
c. Both
d. Cardiac arrhythmias

A

c. Both

122
Q

Which animal organisms contain ciguatoxin?

a. Toad
b. Lizard
c. Fish
d. Scorpion

A

c. Fish

123
Q

Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Nitrate can be converted to nitrite also in infected wells and stored drinking water
d. Nitrite inhibits the function of methemoglobin reductase

A

c. Nitrate can be converted to nitrite also in infected wells and stored drinking water

124
Q

Which statement is true?

a. The specific antidote for lead toxicosis is the pralidoxime
b. Selenium plays an important role in the antioxidant protection of the body
c. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be explained by its binding to lipids
d. Copper inhibits the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles thus causing CNS signs

A

b. Selenium plays an important role in the antioxidant protection of the body

125
Q

Which statement is true?

a. During elimination, the lipophilic compounds are more readily excreted via the kidney
b. Those compounds can be absorbed readily from the GIT which have high lipoid-water distribution coefficient
c. Lipophilicity is advantageous for absorption through the lung
d. The lipophilicity of xenobiotics does not help the transportation through the blood-brain barrier

A

b. Those compounds can be absorbed readily from the GIT which have high lipoid-water distribution coefficient

126
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to carbon monoxide?

a. Inhibits methaemoglobin reductase
b. Binds irreversibly to haemoglobin
c. Binds reversibly to haemoglobin, rendering it incapable of oxygen transport
d. Irritates respiratory epithelium

A

c. Binds reversibly to haemoglobin, rendering it incapable of oxygen transport

127
Q

Which of the following mechanism of effect is characteristic to mercury?

a. Binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins
b. Incorporated instead of sulphur in amino acids and proteins thus inhibiting sulfhydryl-disulfide conversions
c. Causes lipid peroxidation in the membrane or erythrocytes and lysosomes
d. Causes severe vasodilation

A

a. Binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins

128
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by viperid snakes?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Vasoconstrictor agents
d. Glucocorticoids

A

b. Both

129
Q

Which statement is true for metaldehyde?

a. During dissection acetaldehyde odour (formalin-like) can observed
b. Both
c. Neither
d. A severe haemorrhagic syndrome can develop

A

a. During dissection acetaldehyde odour (formalin-like) can observed

130
Q

Which mechanism of effect is true for NSAIDs?

a. Neither
b. Most of the substances damage the blood circulation of the kidney
c. Most of the substances irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach
d. Both

A

d. Both

131
Q

Which compounds can be excreted in high amounts through the kidney?

a. Lipid soluble, small molecules, non-ionized
b. Water soluble, small molecule, non-ionized
c. Water soluble, large molecule, non-ionized
d. Water soluble, small molecule, ionized

A

b. Water soluble, small molecule, non-ionized

132
Q

Which clinical feature is characteristic to nitrogen dioxide toxicosis?

a. Sneezing
b. Both
c. Frequent breathing
d. Neither

A

b. Both

133
Q

Which antidote can be used in arsenic toxicosis?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. Na thipsulphate
d. Dimercaprol

A

a. Both

134
Q

Which is a clinical feature of paracetamol toxicosis?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. In cats the clinical signs can be seen after 1 week
d. Visible mucous membranes have bright reddish discolouration

A

b. Neither

135
Q

What is the recommended dose of fomepizole in ethylene glycol poisoning?

a. 0.2 mg/kg bw
b. 40
c. 20
d. 3-5

A

c. 20

136
Q

What is a toxicosis of natural source?

a. Industrial contaminants
b. Minerals
c. Feedstuff
d. Drinking water

A

b. Minerals

137
Q

What is the clinical characteristic of zearalenone poisoning?

a. Hyperaemia, and swollen vulva, mammary gland and uterus
b. Pseudopregnancy, infertility
c. Neither
d. Both

A

d. Both

138
Q

Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis?

a. Potassium rich infusions
b. Ringer lactate
c. No infusion is needed, it can also be contraindicated
d. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

A

d. NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate

139
Q

Which property influences the rate of passive diffusion?

a. Both
b. The lipid solubility of the compound
c. The thickness of the membrane
d. Neither

A

a. Both

140
Q

How would you treat xylitol toxicosis in animals?

a. Administration of diazepam or midazolam
b. Infusion containing glucose
c. Administration of a high dose of Vitamin B6
d. Application of insulin

A

b. Infusion containing glucose

141
Q

Which is a clinical feature of NSAID toxicosis?

a. Neither
b. Vomiting, faintness
c. Black faeces
d. Both

A

d. Both

142
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic for metaldehyde?

a. Damaging the neurotransmitters in the nerve synapses
b. Blocking alcohol dehydrogenase
c. Both
d. Neither

A

a. Damaging the neurotransmitters in the nerve synapses

143
Q

Which of the following is an organochlorine substance?

a. Parathion
b. Endosulphan
c. Diazinon
d. Amitraz

A

b. Endosulphan

144
Q

Which statement is true of anatomical differences?

a. The GIT of ruminants is shorter and less efficient than that of carnivores
b. The GIT of carnivores is more complicated than that of ruminants
c. The skin of cat is more permeable than that of dog
d. All animal species are able to vomit

A

c. The skin of cat is more permeable than that of dog

145
Q

Which substance or group of substances causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the thyroid gland?

a. Nitrophenols
b. Dithiocarbamates
c. Paraquat
d. Diquat

A

b. Dithiocarbamates

146
Q

To which binds carbon monoxide in the blood stream?

a. To the surface of erythrocytes
b. To hemoglobin
c. To globulin
d. To albumin

A

b. To hemoglobin

147
Q

What is the effect of the venom of viperid snakes?

a. Both
b. Cardiotoxic
c. Neurotoxic
d. Neither

A

a. Both

148
Q

Which statement is true to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Neither
b. Methemoglobin results from the presence of nitrite
c. Monogastric animals are less sensitive to nitrates
d. Both

A

d. Both

149
Q

Which compound is found in bee venom?

a. Both
b. Histamine
c. Hyaluronidase
d. Neither

A

a. Both

150
Q

The bites of which ant species cause more severe symptoms?

a. Formica spp.
b. Ponerinae spp.
c. Solenopsis spp.
d. Myrmica spp.

A

c. Solenopsis spp.

151
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by Bleeding heart?

a. Neither
b. Opisthotonus
c. Both
d. Hyperexcitability

A

c. Both

152
Q

Which laboratory result is characteristic to haematuria form of Bracken fern poisoning?

a. Prolonged clotting time
b. Neither
c. Increased levels of albumin and calcium in serum
d. Both

A

d. Both

153
Q

Which antidote is NOT used in acute organophosphate toxicosis?

a. Pralidoxim
b. Atropine
c. Fomepizole
d. Obidoxime

A

c. Fomepizole

154
Q

In ethylene glycol toxicosis which substance is not directly toxic for the kidneys?

a. Ethylene glycol
b. Calcium oxalate
c. Glycolic acid
d. Glioxilix acid

A

a. Ethylene glycol

155
Q

Which statement is true for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?

a. Cats are highly susceptible to most of the NSAIDs
b. Both
c. Neither
d. During metabolism they are…. glucoronate and glycine

A

a. Cats are highly susceptible to most of the NSAIDs

156
Q

Which statement is true of metabolic differences?

a. In guinea-pig the sulphate reaction is more efficient than the glucuronic conjugation
b. In rat the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction
c. In swine the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction
d. In cat the glucuronic conjugation is more efficient than the sulphate reaction

A

a. In guinea-pig the sulphate reaction is more efficient than the glucuronic conjugation

157
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by Golden chain?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. Vomiting, diarrhea
d. Incoordination

A

a. Both

158
Q

Which animal species is sensitive to ochratoxin?

a. Poultry
b. Both
c. Swine
d. Neither

A

c. Swine

159
Q

Which is NOT a clinical feature of chronic copper toxicosis?

a. Haemolytic crisis
b. Icterus
c. CNS signs
d. Haemoglobinuria

A

c. CNS signs

160
Q

Which is NOT characteristic to the pharmacokinetic properties of organochlorines?

a. Quick elimination with the urine
b. Excellent absorption from the skin and mucous membranes
c. Accumulation in the fat tissue
d. Good distribution. Penetration through the blood-brain barrier

A

a. Quick elimination with the urine

161
Q

Which mechanism of effect is true for NSAIDs?

a. Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
b. Both
c. Neither
d. They inhibit ATP synthesis in the kidney tubule cells

A

a. Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

162
Q

Which statement is true for metaldehyde?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. Damages the bone marrow resulting in damaged blood clotting
d. The gastric acid facilitates its decomposition

A

d. The gastric acid facilitates its decomposition

163
Q

How would you treat xylitol toxicosis in animals?

a. Administration of diazepam or midazolam
b. Application of insulin
c. Infusion containing glucose
d. Administration of a high dose of Vitamin B…

A

c. Infusion containing glucose

164
Q

Which mechanism is characteristic to thiram?

a. Reduces the activity of creatine kinase which is indispensable for macroerg phosphate storage, therefore the muscles become energy-depleted
b. The glycogen reserves of liver, heart and skeletal muscle become depleted as a result of fast metabolic utilisation of carbohydrates
c. Fluid loss causes disturbance in the water homeostasis of the organism
d. Inhibits the oxidation of acetaldehyde

A

d. Inhibits the oxidation of acetaldehyde

165
Q

What kind of treatment would you apply in hydrogen-sulphide toxicosis?

a. Both
b. 1% sodium bicarbonate
c. Artificial breathing
d. Neither

A

d. Neither

166
Q

Which statement is true?

a. The alkyl mercury derivatives can cause excitement in each animal species
b. The liver can store a large amount of copper
c. The toxicological effect of arsenic can be …ned by its binding to lipids
d. Ferri compounds are well absorbed from the GIT

A

b. The liver can store a large amount of copper

167
Q

Which pathological finding is characteristic to aflatoxin poisoning?

a. Fibrosis
b. Neither
c. Both
d. Diffuse fatty degeneration of the liver

A

c. Both

168
Q

The patient is highly sensitive to the toxic effects of NSAIDs if…

a. It is anaemic
b. It has liver failure
c. Is has heart failure
d. It has renal failure

A

d. It has renal failure

169
Q

Which solution is useful for increasing of glomerular filtration?

a. Neither
b. Mannitol solution
c. Both
d. Glucose solution

A

c. Both

170
Q

Which antidote is useful in mercury poisoning?

a. Succimer
b. Deferoxamine
c. D-penicillamine
d. Pralidoxime

A

c. D-penicillamine

171
Q

Which statement is true?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Selenium has no physiological role in the body, it causes toxicosis also in a very small amount
d. Anaphylactoid reaction can be caused by oral iron administration

A

a. Neither

172
Q

What is the most toxic part of poinsettia?

a. Sap
b. Both
c. Neither
d. Leaf

A

b. Both

173
Q

Which parameter is the ratio of LD50 and ED50?

a. LD99 value
b. Therapeutic index
c. Therapeutic margin
d. Minimum effective dosage

A

b. Therapeutic index

174
Q

In which type of cells can mutation develop?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. Somatic cells
d. Germ cells

A

a. Both

175
Q

What is the consequence of xenobiotic accumulates in the tissues?

a. The rate of excretion is increased
b. Chronic poisoning
c. The concentration of free molecules is increased
d. The time of onset is reduced

A

c. The concentration of free molecules is increased

176
Q

Which clinical feature is characteristic to sulphur dioxide toxicosis?

a. Bronchospasm
b. Neither
c. Coughing, hard breathing
d. Both

A

d. Both

177
Q

Antidote in the poisoning with diazinon and fenthion

a. Diazepam
b. Na-thiosulphate
c. Fomepizole
d. Atropine

A

d. Atropine

178
Q

Which statement is true?

a. The calcium content of feed can enhance the absorption of certain compounds due to complexation?
b. Protein-deficient diet helps the production of enzyme proteins?
c. The high calcium content of feed can reduce the absorption of certain compounds
d. The lipid content of feed reduces the absorption

A

c. The high calcium content of feed can reduce the absorption of certain compounds

179
Q

Which clinical sign is NOT a characteristic of ethylene glycol poisoning?

a. Tremors, convulsions
b. Vomiting
c. Icterus
d. Depression

A

c. Icterus

180
Q

What is NOT characteristic to the pharmacokinetic properties of organochlorines?

a. Quick elimination with the urine
b. Accumulation in the fat tissue
c. Excellent absorption from the skin and mucous membrane
d. Good distribution, penetration into the blood-brain barrier

A

a. Quick elimination with the urine

181
Q

This method is routinely used to enhance urinary elimination of toxins?

a. Urinary acidification with oral vitamin C
b. Ringer lactate intravenous
c. Oral silymarine
d. Intravenous vitamin B?

A

b. Ringer lactate intravenous

182
Q

Which substance or group of substances causes depression, ataxia or a “narcotic-like effect”?

a. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives
b. Nitrophenols
c. Thiram
d. Paraquat

A

a. Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

183
Q

Which clinical signs are caused in horse by bee or wasp venom?

a. Both
b. Frenzy
c. Icterus
d. Neither

A

a. Both

184
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by Blue star?

a. Mydriasis
b. Neither
c. Both
d. Hypotension

A

d. Hypotension

185
Q

Which animal species is most sensitive to dioxin?

a. Mouse
b. Rat
c. Guinea-pig
d. Hamster

A

c. Guinea-pig

186
Q

What are the gross pathological signs in methylxanthine toxicosis?

a. Neither
b. Both
c. Congestion of parenchymal organs
d. Gastroenteritis

A

c. Congestion of parenchymal organs

187
Q

Which clinical signs are caused by nitrate-nitrite?

a. Neither
b. Tachypnoe followed by dyspnoe
c. The colour of blood is chocolate brown
d. Both

A

d. Both

188
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic to metaldehyde?

a. Severe irritation of the GIT
b. Decreasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapses
c. Both
d. Neither

A

c. Both

189
Q

Which substances can cause tachycardia, hypertension and arrhythmias?

a. Xylazine
b. Diazepam
c. Salbutamol
d. Paracetamol

A

c. Salbutamol

190
Q

What are the gross pathological findings in sulphur dioxide toxicosis?

a. Lung edema, lung emphysema
b. Signs of asphyxia
c. Neither
d. Both

A

d. Both

191
Q

What is the most frequent cause of teratogenic alterations?

a. Drug
b. Unknown origin multifactorial causes
c. Infectious disease
d. Chromosome alteration

A

d. Chromosome alteration

192
Q

Which substance is found in hydrangea spp.?

a. Hydrangin
b. Delfinine
c. Protopine
d. Holothurin

A

a. Hydrangin

193
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to dithiocarbamates?

a. Induce the formation of free radicals in cells which bind to unsaturated fatty acids
b. Decrease protein mass of the muscles
c. They increase the rate of cellular oxidation and metabolism, but at the same time the build-up of energy storage is suspended
d. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic

A

d. Mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic and embryotoxic

194
Q

What are the gross pathological changes of chlorine gas toxicosis?

a. Lung edema
b. Both
c. Neither
d. Severe inflammation of the conjunctiva and the mucous membranes

A

b. Both

195
Q

Which compound is found in the poison of poison-arrow frogs?

a. Bufotoxin
b. Batrachotoxin
c. Bufotenine
d. Bufagin

A

b. Batrachotoxin

196
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute lindane toxicosis?

a. Anisocoria, paralysis of cranial nerves
b. Excitation, aggressiveness, convulsions
c. Paralysis, paresis
d. Kidney damage, oliguria, then anuria

A

b. Excitation, aggressiveness, convulsions

197
Q

Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by cationic detergents?

a. Neutralisation
b. Both
c. Dilution
d. Neither

A

b. Both

198
Q

Which process is lethal synthesis

a. Neither
b. Both
c. The metabolism of diazinon to diazoxon
d. Oxalic acid is produced from ethylene glycol

A

b. Both

199
Q

Which is characteristic to urea?

a. In an alkaline mileu, the released ammonia is present mainly in its non-ionic form
b. Both
c. Ammonia released from it is detoxified vie urea cycle in the liver
d. Neither

A

b. Both

200
Q

Which statement is true of the allergic effect?

a. The allergic effects are independent of dose
b. The xenobiotic needs to be exposed with antibodies in the body only once
c. The production of antibodies against the xenobiotic starts only after repeated exposure
d. The chemical as haptene binds to the unsaturated lipids

A

a. The allergic effects are independent of dose

201
Q

Which plant has a hallucinogenic effect?

a. Blue star
b. Buttercup sp.
c. Larkspur spp.
d. Hydrangea spp.

A

a. Blue star

202
Q

What are the gross pathological signs in NSAID toxicosis?

a. Neither
b. Perforation in the stomach
c. Gastric and duodenal ulcers
d. Both

A

d. Both

203
Q

Which mechanism of effect is characteristic in sulphur dioxide?

a. Stimulates the receptors of glomum caroticum
b. Inhibits respiratory enzymes
c. Both
d. Neither

A

d. Neither

204
Q

Which statement is true?

a. Only the unmetabolized compounds can excrete through the kidney
b. The pH of the urine does not influence the rate of excretion
c. The small, water soluble compounds are excreted through the kidney
d. The compounds are eliminated through the kidney only by filtration

A

c. The small, water soluble compounds are excreted through the kidney

205
Q

Which antidote CANNOT be used in arsenic toxicosis?

a. D-penicillamine
b. Na thiosulphate
c. Dimercaprol
d. Deferoxamine

A

d. Deferoxamine

206
Q

Which mould fungi produces ochratoxins?

a. Aspergillus spp.
b. Phomopsis spp.
c. Ochraceus spp.
d. Fusarium spp.

A

a. Aspergillus spp.

207
Q

What is characteristic to the kinetic profile of trichothecenes?

a. They are excreted slowly from the body
b. Distribution in the body at a low level
c. They are not accumulated in the body
d. They are absorbed slowly from the GIT

A

c. They are not accumulated in the body

208
Q

Which plants cause hepatogenous photosensitivity?

a. Ergot
b. Bean tree
c. Amaryllis spp.
d. Groundsel spp.

A

d. Groundsel spp.

209
Q

Which administration route has the lowest LD50 value?

a. Oral
b. Subcutaneous
c. Intravenous
d. Intramuscular

A

c. Intravenous

210
Q

Which antidote is a chelating agent?

a. Both
b. Neither
c. Deferoxamine
d. D-penicillamine

A

a. Both

211
Q

Which clinical signs are caused in dog by bee or wasp venom?

a. Facial edema
b. Both
c. Haemolytic anaemia
d. Neither

A

b. Both

212
Q

What is characteristic to toxalbumins?

a. Basic substances containing nitrogen
b. Proteins or polypeptides with…
c. Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses
d. They consist of sugar-free p… component

A

b. Proteins or polypeptides with…

213
Q

Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?

a. Both
b. Methaemoglobin is not capable of oxygen transport
c. Nitrate irritates mucous membranes of the GI tract
d. Neither

A

a. Both

Toxicology (1 decks)

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