PAST QUESTIONS

Question 1

13. The following electrolyte pattern is most characteristic of which condition?

Plasma HCO3-decrease

Serum chloride-normal

Anion gap - increased

A. Metabolic titration acidosis

B. Respiratory acidosis

C. Metabolic HCO3- loss acidosis

D. Metabolic alkalosis

E. Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 1

A. Metabolic titration acidosis

Question 2

14. What is the preferral sample for arterial blood gas analysis?

A. EDTA plasma
B. EDTA whole blood
C. Heparinised plasma
D. Heparinised whole blood
E. Citrate whole blood

Answer 2

D. Heparinised whole blood

Question 3

15. Which of the following conditions are most likely to cause an increased anion gap?
    1) Ethylene glycol toxicosis
    2) Secretory diarrhoea
    3) Hypoalbuminemia
    4) Uraemia
    5) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
    A. 1, 2, 4
    B. 1, 3, 5
    C. 1, 4, 5
    D. 2, 3, 5
    E. 2, 4, 5

Answer 3

• C. 1, 4, 5

Question 4

16. Blood gas sample from a 5-year-old Greyhound:
    pH 7.50 increased (Reference interval 7.31-7.42)
    HCO3- 30 mEq/L increased (RI 17-24)
    pCO2 34 mmHg increased (RI 29-42)
    pO2 94 mmHg (RI 85-95)

The most likely acid-base abnormality is:
A. Metabolic alkalosis uncompensated
B. Metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation
C. Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation
D. Mixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
E. Respiratory alkalosis uncompensated

Answer 4

• B. Metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation

Question 5

10. Causes of hyperkalaemia may include all-of the following conditions,
    EXCEPT:
    A. Haemolysis in horses
    B. Metabolic alkalosis
    C. Bladder repture
    D. Severe rhabdomyolysis
    E. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

Answer 5

B. Metabolic alkalosis

Question 6

Life span of a platelet?

Answer 6

5-9 days

Question 7

Normal isosthenuric range that is normal in dogs?

Answer 7

1.008 - 1.012 USG

Question 8

What is the ratio of Na:K used for and what are the normal ranges?

Answer 8

Sodium-potassium (Na:K) ratio has frequently been used as a diagnostic tool to identify adrenal insufficiency.

Normal Na:K ratios in dogs range from 27:1 to 40:1

Question 9

Which combination of enzymes are associated with biliary tree blockage?

Answer 9

ALP and GTT

Question 10

Which enzymes are used to assess hepatocellular necrosis>

Answer 10

AST and and ALT

Question 11

Which enzymes are specific to the pancreas?

Answer 11

PLI and TLI

Question 12

Amylaze and lipase increases that indicate pancreatic damage?

Answer 12

amylase 2x upper reference interval

lipase x3 upper reference interval

Question 13

In golmerulitis does un-congugated bilirubin get passed in the urine?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

All would decrease in response to reduced hepatic mass, except?

a. bilirubin
b. NH3
c. Hypo-albuminaemia
d. urea

Answer 14

d. urea

Question 15

Hypercholestorolaemia is caused by all except?

a. nephrotic syndrome
b. Cholestasis
c. acute pancreatitis

Answer 15

b. Cholestasis

Question 16

Defect in which leads to hypercholesterolemia?

a. VLDL
a. HDL
c. Albumin

Answer 16

a. HDL ??

c. Albumin ??

Question 17

Best blood test for determining iron storage?

a. transferrin
b. ferritin
c. serum iron

Answer 17

a. transferrin - negative acute phase protein
b. ferritin - intracellular Fe storage
c. serum iron - unreliable for Fe stores, measured Fe in blood bound to transferrin

Question 18

Tests for malassimilation ( intestinal malabsorption) of:

a. exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
b. bacterial overgrowth
c. proximal small intestine disease

Answer 18

a. exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - folate increase, cobalamin increase, TLI decrease
b. bacterial overgrowth - folate increase, cobalamin decrease
c. proximal small intestine disease 0 fixate decrease

Question 19

Which is most correct regarding cytology FNA’s:

a. mesenchyme tumours have poor yield
b. round cell tumours have poor yield

Answer 19

a. mesenchyme tumours have poor yield

Question 20

Classify an exudate that is milky white after spinning:

Answer 20

Modified exudate

Question 21

What is the lowest USG in a dog?

Answer 21

1.001 to >1.075 for dogs and 1.001 to >1.085

Question 22

Name one cause of hyperkalemia and a reason?

Answer 22

Increase K+ distribution from the ICF to the ECF resulting from acidosis due to diabetes mellitus.

Question 23

Equine urine sedimentation - is calcium normal?

Answer 23

Calcium is excreted in the horse from the kidneys and will often form calcium oxalate crystals.

Question 24

Blood on lipstick name the 3 analyses that this could be attributed to?

Answer 24

Myoglobin from skeletal muscle breakdown
Haemoglobin from free unbound haemoglobin (e.g. haemorrhage in the urinary tract
RBC - trauma of intact blood cells - haemolysis

Question 25

Characterise the effusion: TP <35, TNCC <4.9, yellow

Answer 25

modified transudate

Question 26

Name two of the criteria for malignancy

Answer 26

Increase nuclear size and variation in nuclear size

large irregular-shaped nucleoli, multiple nucleoli that are variable sized - tells us cells are turning over quickly

Multinucleated cells

Increase in mitotic figures and bizarre forms

Multinucleation

Question 27

Classify these:

Low protein, low cellularity TP <25, TNCC <5 but often less than 1.5

High celulartiry, high protein TP >25, TNCC >5

Moderate- TP > 25, TNCC < 5.0

Answer 27

1. Transudate
2. Exudate
3. Modified exudate

Question 28

What are the main contributors to osmolarity?

Answer 28

Electrolytes, small molecules (urea and glucose) . NB proteins contribute very little too osmolarity.