PAST QUESTIONS Flashcards
- The following electrolyte pattern is most characteristic of which condition?
Plasma HCO3-decrease
Serum chloride-normal
Anion gap - increased
A. Metabolic titration acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic HCO3- loss acidosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
E. Respiratory alkalosis
A. Metabolic titration acidosis
- What is the preferral sample for arterial blood gas analysis?
A. EDTA plasma B. EDTA whole blood C. Heparinised plasma D. Heparinised whole blood E. Citrate whole blood
D. Heparinised whole blood
- Which of the following conditions are most likely to cause an increased anion gap?
1) Ethylene glycol toxicosis
2) Secretory diarrhoea
3) Hypoalbuminemia
4) Uraemia
5) Exertional rhabdomyolysis
A. 1, 2, 4
B. 1, 3, 5
C. 1, 4, 5
D. 2, 3, 5
E. 2, 4, 5
- C. 1, 4, 5
- Blood gas sample from a 5-year-old Greyhound:
pH 7.50 increased (Reference interval 7.31-7.42)
HCO3- 30 mEq/L increased (RI 17-24)
pCO2 34 mmHg increased (RI 29-42)
pO2 94 mmHg (RI 85-95)
The most likely acid-base abnormality is:
A. Metabolic alkalosis uncompensated
B. Metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation
C. Respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation
D. Mixed metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
E. Respiratory alkalosis uncompensated
- B. Metabolic alkalosis with partial compensation
- Causes of hyperkalaemia may include all-of the following conditions,
EXCEPT:
A. Haemolysis in horses
B. Metabolic alkalosis
C. Bladder repture
D. Severe rhabdomyolysis
E. Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)
B. Metabolic alkalosis
Life span of a platelet?
5-9 days
Normal isosthenuric range that is normal in dogs?
1.008 - 1.012 USG
What is the ratio of Na:K used for and what are the normal ranges?
Sodium-potassium (Na:K) ratio has frequently been used as a diagnostic tool to identify adrenal insufficiency.
Normal Na:K ratios in dogs range from 27:1 to 40:1
Which combination of enzymes are associated with biliary tree blockage?
ALP and GTT
Which enzymes are used to assess hepatocellular necrosis>
AST and and ALT
Which enzymes are specific to the pancreas?
PLI and TLI
Amylaze and lipase increases that indicate pancreatic damage?
amylase 2x upper reference interval
lipase x3 upper reference interval
In golmerulitis does un-congugated bilirubin get passed in the urine?
No
All would decrease in response to reduced hepatic mass, except?
a. bilirubin
b. NH3
c. Hypo-albuminaemia
d. urea
d. urea
Hypercholestorolaemia is caused by all except?
a. nephrotic syndrome
b. Cholestasis
c. acute pancreatitis
b. Cholestasis
Defect in which leads to hypercholesterolemia?
a. VLDL
a. HDL
c. Albumin
a. HDL ??
c. Albumin ??
Best blood test for determining iron storage?
a. transferrin
b. ferritin
c. serum iron
a. transferrin - negative acute phase protein
b. ferritin - intracellular Fe storage
c. serum iron - unreliable for Fe stores, measured Fe in blood bound to transferrin
Tests for malassimilation ( intestinal malabsorption) of:
a. exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
b. bacterial overgrowth
c. proximal small intestine disease
a. exocrine pancreatic insufficiency - folate increase, cobalamin increase, TLI decrease
b. bacterial overgrowth - folate increase, cobalamin decrease
c. proximal small intestine disease 0 fixate decrease
Which is most correct regarding cytology FNA’s:
a. mesenchyme tumours have poor yield
b. round cell tumours have poor yield
a. mesenchyme tumours have poor yield
Classify an exudate that is milky white after spinning:
Modified exudate
What is the lowest USG in a dog?
1.001 to >1.075 for dogs and 1.001 to >1.085
Name one cause of hyperkalemia and a reason?
Increase K+ distribution from the ICF to the ECF resulting from acidosis due to diabetes mellitus.
Equine urine sedimentation - is calcium normal?
Calcium is excreted in the horse from the kidneys and will often form calcium oxalate crystals.
Blood on lipstick name the 3 analyses that this could be attributed to?
Myoglobin from skeletal muscle breakdown
Haemoglobin from free unbound haemoglobin (e.g. haemorrhage in the urinary tract
RBC - trauma of intact blood cells - haemolysis
Characterise the effusion: TP <35, TNCC <4.9, yellow
modified transudate
Name two of the criteria for malignancy
Increase nuclear size and variation in nuclear size
large irregular-shaped nucleoli, multiple nucleoli that are variable sized - tells us cells are turning over quickly
Multinucleated cells
Increase in mitotic figures and bizarre forms
Multinucleation
Classify these:
Low protein, low cellularity TP <25, TNCC <5 but often less than 1.5
High celulartiry, high protein TP >25, TNCC >5
Moderate- TP > 25, TNCC < 5.0
- Transudate
- Exudate
- Modified exudate
What are the main contributors to osmolarity?
Electrolytes, small molecules (urea and glucose) . NB proteins contribute very little too osmolarity.
