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Immunology Exam > Past Questions > Flashcards

Past Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What properties are NOT necessary in monoclonal Ab producing cell cutures?

A

Missing phosphoribosyl phosphate.

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2
Q

What type of T cell R can be found most frequently?

A

Alpha/ß.

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3
Q

It is not presented on CD1

A

Polysaccharide.

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4
Q

What is NOT stimulated by interferons in the cells infected with viruses?

A

Lipase activity.

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5
Q

What kind of cells do NOT express tumour necrosis factor R on their membrane?

A

Erythrocytes.

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6
Q

Which Vit increases the production of IL-2?

A

E.

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7
Q

What biological activities are NOT featuring the complement system?

A

Labelling of cells + Ag presentation.

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8
Q

What is needed for the activation of complement system through the classical pathway?

A

Connection between ag + IgG.

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9
Q

What is needed for the activation of the complement system through the lectin pathway?

A

Bacterial CH.

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10
Q

What are the features of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)?

A

Inherited, immediate effect, ø memory, broad recognition spectrum.

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11
Q

Blocks the activity of B cells

A

Presence of too many Ig.

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12
Q

The intestinal flora is treated by the immune system as

A

Immunologically own.

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13
Q

What can be the reason for the development of natural autoimmunity?

A

has to recognize phylogenetically conserved molecules + do ø react to them.

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14
Q

The high demand for organs in huma transplantation is sated by:

A

The use of organs from transgenic mini Sus.

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15
Q

What is the function of monoclonal Ab in immunology?

A

Diagnostics of autoimmune diseases.

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16
Q

In serological reactions to detect Ab we have to use

A

Specific, standardised Ag.

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17
Q

What do we want to detect in Ascoli test?

A

Heat-stable cell wall Ag of Bacillus Anthracis.

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18
Q

What makes the Ag-Ab reaction visible in the complement fixation assay?

A

RBC.

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19
Q

What kind of conjugate is needed in indirect ELISA?

A

Ab specific AB labelled with enzyme.

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20
Q

During the separation of proteins (PAGE), what can be the SDs used for?

A

Linearises the proteins + gives them a -ve charge.

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21
Q

The macrophage migration inhibition test is +ve, if in the presence of Ag

A

Ly are activated + inhibit the emigration of macrophages from the well made in the middle of agar gel.

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22
Q

What is the hapten?

A

An Ag that is ø immunogenic, but can be immunogenic if attached to a carrier molecule.

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23
Q

What features describe the best immunogen?

A

Big sized glycosylated protein with a lot of epitopes.

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24
Q

What are the features of the IgG molecule?

A

The IgG molecule has a size of 160kDa, a gamma type heavy chain, it is bivalent + has the longest lifespan among Ig with a 1/2-life of 10- 20 days, it is able to leave the BV to get into tissues but cannot keep pathogens from entering.

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25
Q

What are the features of the IgA molecule?

A

Flexible because of the J chain, important on mucous membranes, usually monomer in the bloodstream.

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26
Q

What are the features of the class I MHC?

A

It presents endogenous Ag to CD8 + cytotoxic T cells.

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27
Q

What are the features of the class II MHC?

A

It presents endogenous Ag to CD4 + helper T cells.

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28
Q

What are the 2 signals needed to start the humoral immune response?

A

Ag presented by the B ly + cytokines preoduces by T helper cells.

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29
Q

Choose the correct order of steps in the cellular immune response.

A

Adhesion, reorganisation, attack, killing.

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30
Q

What type of Ig can go through placenta?

A

IgG.

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31
Q

What kind of immune response can be seen against viruses + why?

A

Both, because of cross-presentation.

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32
Q

The neutralisation effect of Ab is important against

A

Toxin producing bacteria.

33
Q

Which one is the most important Ig against parasites?

A

IgE.

34
Q

How many times can a heterologouc hyper-immune serum be given?

A

Repeatedly, if the Fc part is manipulated.

35
Q

What type of vaccine is the BCG?

A

Live + attenuated.

36
Q

What happened if we vaccinate an animal with a persistent infection?

A

There is ø immune response.

37
Q

How much time is needed for the development of type IV hypersensitivity?

A

12- 72 hrs.

38
Q

In pemphigus auto-recessive Ab are produced against

A

Desmosomes.

39
Q

Characteristic clinical sign in systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Skin lesions.

40
Q

What causes tissue damage in Chediak- Higashi syndrome?

A

Spontaneous rupture of vulnerable lysosomal membrane.

41
Q

Viruses causing 2˚ immunodeficiency in cattle

A

Parainfluenza 3 virus, border disease virus, BO herpes virus.

42
Q

What kind of conjugate can be used in rapid diagnostic tests?

A

Enzyme labelled Ab + Ag bound to coloured carrier.

43
Q

What is NOT featuring the clone selection theory of Ag recognition?

A

The Ag based on it’s structuregives instructions to the appropriate cells to produce the proper Ab.

44
Q

What is the anaphylactic reaction?

A

Systemic, life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity reaction.

45
Q

Which chromosomes encode for BCR chains?
Kappa-chain.
Lamda chain.
Heavy chain.

A
  • 6.
  • 16.
  • 12.
46
Q

Order of heavy chain genes rearrangement:

A

D-J joining, VDJ joining, unwanted Xs J removal ( RNA splicing)–> VDJC.

47
Q

What is the order of light chain genes rearrangement:

A

V-J joining, RNA splicing, VJC.

48
Q

What is the consequesnces of the BCR genes rearrangement?

A

The higher organism produces a cell- population having a highly diverse durface R structure, BUT all mature B cells have only 1 type of R.

49
Q

How is Fab part formed?

A

The final configuration of the Fab is formed only following the isotype switch + the pt mutations of the Fab coding V- genes helped by the cytokines secreted by helper cells.

50
Q

When does isotype switching occurs?

A

Following B cell activation.

51
Q

How does it happen?

A

Deletion of genes in different parts to create different Igs.

52
Q

What are the paratopes made of ?

A

Sets of CD Rs.

53
Q

What are CD Rs?

A

Complementary determinant regions.

54
Q

Which CDRs are found on IgM + IgD?

A

CDR3.

55
Q

How is CDR3 made?

A

By VDJ rearrangement.

56
Q

How are CDR1 + 2 made?

A

generated by pt mutations after B cell activation, parallel with isotype switching, directed by TH cytokines.

57
Q

What is the form of TCR?

A

Heterodimer, 1 const., 1 variable, made of a/b chains or g/l chains.

58
Q

How many CDRs are on the TCR?

A

1.

59
Q

How many gene families for TCR?

A
  • 3.

- V (variable), D (diversity), J ( joining) + 1C (const.) gene for each isotype.

60
Q

How are the genes rearranged?

A

By deletion, ø pt mutations after activation; ø isotype switching.

61
Q

What gene families are responsible for alpha + gamma?

A

VJ gene families.

62
Q

What gene families are responsible for ß + ∂ ?

A

VDJ.

63
Q

Why is the alpha- ß heterodimer variability higher?

A

Because the immune system always tries first a gamma- ∂ chain combination, if this is ø successful, the ∂ genes are deleted, the gamma genes are suppressed.

64
Q

What factors are responsible for Ab + TCR diversity?

A
  • Multiple germline V genes. V-J + V-D-J reorganizations, inaccuracies of reorganization, N-region additions/ shortening, inter chain recombination, crossing over, pt mutations.
65
Q

Potential number of variations?

A
  • Ab: 10^16

- TCR: 10^9.

66
Q

Characteristics of MHC polymorphism are:

A

Histocompatibility Ag characteristic of each individual, genes inherited in blocks, high level of polymorphism within a population.

67
Q

What is the background for polymorphism?

A

Gene block exchange, recombination, crossing over, high mutation rate, mating preferences, selective abortion.

68
Q

What is a unique feature about the expression of these genes?
MHC

A

Different 6 genes are expressed for each individual.

69
Q

What happens if too many MHC genes are expressed?

A

-ve TCR selection.

70
Q

What happens if ø enough MHC genes are expressed?

A

Increased susceptibility to infections.

71
Q

What is the structure of MHCI?

A

Alpha chain (1-3) + ß chain (b2m).

72
Q

Which cells express MHCI?

A

All nucleated cells ( ø RBCs), high levels on B + T cells, macrophages.

73
Q

Where can we never find MHCI?

A

Endogenous Ag presentation to activate cellular immunity.

74
Q

How many are needed from Ag fragment to be presented on MHCI?

A
  • 4-8.

- 8-9.

75
Q

What is the structure of MHCII?

A

Alpha 1-2, ß1-2.

76
Q

What is the purpose of MHCII?

A
  • Ag presentation, to activate TH cells.
  • Thus permanently found on B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells.
  • Induced ones are found on T cells, endothelial cells.
77
Q

What does it present?

CD1

A

Ag lipid molecules.

78
Q

What is it’s structure?

CD1

A

Similar to MHCI, heterodimer with ß2 microglobulin, binding site larger than in MHCI.

79
Q

Where is it found?

CD1

A

Present on APC, B cells, intestinal ep., most actively on DC.

Immunology Exam (1 decks)

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