Past questions Flashcards
- It is the antidote of severe deadly nightshade poisoning
Physostigmine
Poisonings caused by metaldehyde, salt, ethylene glycol, permethrin and diazinon can cause convulsions as symptoms.
True
Which side effect is NOT characteristic for sulphonamide toxicosis?
Cartilage damage
- fluroquinolones
- Copper toxicosis appears always in acute forms in swine
False
- chronic more common swine diet, premix (growth promoter)
This animal contains cardiac glycoside compound.
The Danaus butterfly, the toxic compound is originated from plants
- Which compound can cause thyroid gland hypertrophy?
Dithiocarbamate
In case of poisonings with weak acids (e.g. ibuprofen), urinary pH should be alkalic to enhance elimination, which can be achieved e.g. with vitamin C administration.
False
This compound is not an organophosphate.
Propoxur
Anaemia can be a consequence of lead toxicosis due to reduction in haem synthesis
True
- Nitrophenol derivatives can cause hyperthermia
True
- Do not use artificial respiration to treat hydrogen sulfide gas poisoning.
True
- What is the specific component of the bee’s venom?
Mellitin
- It posesses venom:
Elaphidae spp.
- cobra/mamba/coral
- Carbon monoxide is heavier than air, so sensors should be placed as low as possible.
False
Indolizidine alkaloid
Slaframine
- slobbers, bloat
- USA
- mainly eq, sometimes bo & sheep
Ergoline alkaloid
Lysergic acid
Macrocyclic trichothecene
Roridin
- verrucarin
- satratoxin
Long chain fatty acid
Fumonisins
Trichothecene
Diacetoxyscirpenol
- Which cell type is damaged the most in case of chronic fluoride toxicosis?
Ameloblast
- In ethylene glycol poisoning, typical pathological signs include edemas throughout the body and acute tubulonephrosis
True
- Diazepam can be used as symptomatic antidote against both tremorgenic mycotoxins and ergolides.
True
- Which substance can be used in eyedrops to induce vomiting in dogs?
Apomorphine
Ropirinole
- Symptom of hemlock poisoning.
Ascending paralysis
Paralysis of repiratory muscles
GI: local irritation, bloat
Swine: teratogenic
- Nitrogen dioxide is a light brown gas lighter than air. It accumulates in the higher parts of buildings with high ceilings
False
- heavier than air
- CD, ND, CL, HS, SD = all heavier
- What is the dose of vitamin K in dogs in case of brodifacoum poisoning (at least in the first two weeks)?
3-5 mg/kg (bw) SC, PO small animala
- 5-1 mg/kg large animals
- 1-2 mg/kg 7 days
- 1-2mg/kg every 2nd day for 14 days
- Which statement is true for the toxicosis, caused by bees and wasps?
In case of horses, excitement and frenzy can show up as systemic symptoms
- Which laboratory parameter is not characteristic to ethylene glycol poisoning?
Alkalic pH
- acidic pH
- This toxic metal ion exists in different oxidation states and chronic usage can lead to tolerance development
Arsenic
- Ethylene glycol and ethanol are both substrates of the alcoholdehydrogenase, but the enzyme’s affinity is higher to ethanol.
True
- Organophosphates are sensitive for basic pH
True
- Deoxynivalenol stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in medulla oblongata, leading to vomiting. Unlike other trichothecenes, it does not cause local irritation.
False
- Does cause local irritation
- In the case of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis the Vitamin C and cimetidine IV administration at the same time as antidotes are more effective then the N-acetyl-cistein as antioxidant.
False
- Symptoms of poisoning are similar to xylazine’s side effects.
Amitraz
- The most toxic part of Blue Star are its seeds.
True
- Indole alkaloids: LSD, hallucinogenic
- Glycosides: GI, hypotension
- What is the cause of the Itai-itai disease?
Chronic Cd toxicosis
- hyper- parakeratosis, general ostechondrosis, osteomalatia
- spermiogenesis disruption -> sterility
- kidney failure -> proteinuria
- Balancing hypokalaemia and hypercalcaemia during poisoning by cardiac glycosides is a must, otherwise these will icrease the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest due to the cardiac glycosides’ negative chronotropic effect.
True
- Brodifacoum is the inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase.
True
- Fumonisins are equally likely to cause leukoencephalomalacia in horses and pigs.
False
- rare su, pulmonary oedema more often
- What is the leading symptom of paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis in cats?
Chocolate brown blood
- What is characterisic to the pharmacokinetics of bromadiolone?
It is well absorbed orally
- The main active ingredient of the Solenopsis spp. ants is an alkaloid.
True - fire ants - not so painful - urticarial weal -> vesicle -> pustule -> within 24 h rupturing -> crust - multiple stings: systemic signs convulsions, apnea shock, rapid death - Tx: corticosteroids, epinephrine
- How can the systemic side effects of aminoglycoside administration be decreased?
Give SID with IV fluid therapy
With oral administration
- DDT and mercury are accumulated in the food chain.
True
- Carboxyhemoglobin is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin, formed by an irreversible chemical bond.
False
- reversible
- Using emetics is contraindicated if the poisoning is caused by irritative substances (e.g. acids, bases).
True
- Dimercaprol and succimer can be applied in case of the following metal toxicosis.
Arsenic
Mercury
- Which of these can cause colliquation necrosis?
Acetic acid
- exception, all other acids coagulation necrosis
- Which herbicide can cause inhibition of ATP synthesis and increase the body temperature?
Nitrophenols
- Which substance can be used to alleviate convulsions in acute poisonings?
Pentobarbital
- A Tompsett test is suitable for detecting nitrophenol derivatives.
False
- Bipyridil derivatives
- Based on the toxicity, rodents (e.g. mouse, rat) are less sensitive to the mycotoxins than the domesticated species.
True
- In rodenticide poisonings, hypocalcaemia and hyperkalaemia are typical laboratory signs.
False
N-acetylcysteine
dosage
140 mg/kg(bw) in the beginning, then 70 mg/kg(bw)
Phytomenadione
dosage
0.5-1 mg/ttkg for farm animals
= vit K1, used for rodenticide poisoning
Activated charcoal doage
2-5 g/kg(bw)
Atropine dosage
0.2-0.5 mg/kg(bw)
Diazepam doasge
1-5 mg/kg(bw)
- Which substance cannot be used to alleviate convulsions in poisonings?
Acepromazine
- Which compound can block the function of alcohol dehydrogenase and acetylcholine esterase?
Dithiocarbamate
Methylene blue 1% solution iv. application =
Nitrate/nitrite
Acetic acid (5%) p.o. application
Urea
Use of liver protectives and iv. glucose
Xylitol
Use of antioxidants and membrane protectives
Monensin
Hypotonic iv. Infusion
Table salt
- Mydriasis can be seen in both amitraz and pyrethroid poisoning.
False
- only pyrethroids
- The polychlorinated biphenil compounds break down in the nature fast
False
- Symptoms of chronic ergot poisoning are necrosis and pushing away of tails and combs.
True
- GANGRENOUS FORM:
tonic spasms of blood vessels of prominent
body parts
necrosis, pushing away (tail, comb)
- NERVOUS FORM: high excitability, stift gait, lameness
convulsions
- Acute inflammation of oropharynx is typical in case of this poisoning(s).
Monstera spp.
Diffenbachia spp.
- In case of ethylene glycol poisoning, which substance is formed from the original molecule due to the effect of aldehyde-dehydrogenase?
Glycolic acid
- The first application of an antivenin has high risk of an anaphilactic reaction to happen.
False
- Non macrocyclic trichothecenes, ergopeptines, and ergoline alkaloids are more likely to be widespread in warmer climatic zones.
False
- colder climates
- Dioxines are capable of bioaccumulation
True
- From this list, this species is the less sensitive to nitrite-nitrate poisoning
Dog
- This substance can cause fulminant poisoning in case of sudden weight loss due to accumulation in adipose tissues.
DDT
- Which substances can cause vasodilatation, anaphylactoid reaction and immunosuppression?
Iron
- Poison against snails and slugs.
Metaldehyde
- Which species is highly sensitive to xylitol?
Dog
- Which dose of bromadiolone intake requires observation and repeated PTT check on the animal?
0.02 mg/kg(bw)
- Both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide are produced in high concentrations during the treatment of pig and poultry liquid manure
False
- only hydrogen sulfide
- sulfur dioxide produced by coal, oil, petroleum combustion
- This antidote is usually orally applied
D-penicillamine
- copper, zinc = antidote
(arsenic, mercury)
- Zearalenone is approximately three-fold more toxic as zearalenol.
True
- Arsenic toxicosis can be treated with dimercaprol.
True
- and mercury
Zinc antidote
CaNa2-EDTA
+ D-penicillamine
Selenium antidote
No specific antidote - GI detoxification: activated charcoal, saline purgatives - Symptomatic therapy: oxygen therapy, pulmonary edema, shock
Iron antidote
Deferoxamine
Lead antidote
CaNa2-EDTA
+ Succimer 10 mg/kg TID dogs 10 days
- Pentobarbital is contraindicated for the treatment of convulsions caused by poisionings due to its side effects.
False
- What is the main effect of the bufodineolides?
They have similar effect as the Digitalis glycosides
- Oxalate crystals in Poinsettia spp cause kidney damage.
False
- Euforbic acid
- GI, salivation, skin & eye
- For which animal species is it true that at the application site of the toxin urticarial weal forms, that transforms into vesicle, this transforms into pustule within 24 hours, later it usually ruptures and forms a crust.
Solenopsis ant species
median lethal concentration: 10%
CO2
median lethal concentration:
0.13%
CO
median lethal concentration: 0.1%
Cl2
median lethal concentration: 0.08
H2S
median lethal concentration: 0.02
NO2
- Which symptom is not characteristic to acute kidney failure in ethylene glycol poisoning?
Polyuria/polydipsia
- oliguria, anuria
- Albendazol mainly has teratogenic effect in this species.
Sheep
- Phomopsin toxicosis can cause severe clinical signs and rapid death.
True
-mycotoxin
- The polychlorinated biphenyl compounds are acting on the AcCh (acetylcholine) receptors
False
- activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AH receptor)
- same as Dioxins
- In case of brodifacoum poisioning, dose of vitamin K is 1-5 mg/kg(bw) orally, for at least 4 weeks.
True
- This plant contains calcium-oxalate.
Daffodil (+ lycorin alkaloisd, + glycoside) Diffenbachia spp (Dumbcane) Flamingo flower Monstera Philodendrom
- Which one is NOT the pathologic sign of the acute fluoride toxicosis?
Plethoric spleen
- plethoric liver is sign
- Yellow staining of the skin and mucous membrane is the symptom of phenoxyacetic acid toxicosis.
False
- NITROPHENOLS
CHLOROPHENOLS
- Which bipyridil compound can cause watery diarrhoea, dermatitis, corneal damage upon direct contact?
Diquat
- The effects of dithiocarbamate include.
Fertility problems Local irritation Inhibition of iodine incorporation - fungicide \+ Peripheral demyelination Degeneration (skeletal muscle/heart) Mutagenic, teratogenic, embriotoxic
- Which substance can be used for binding ethylene glycol in the gasrointestinal tract?
Activated charcoal but only minimally and for first 30 mins as rapid absorption from stomach
Tx: Fomepizole/ethanol
- Fish are not sensitive for pyrethroid poisoning.
False
- In ethylene glycol poisoning, reasons of kidney failure are the acidic metabolites and the calcium-oxalate crystals in approximately same extent
True
- Which are symptoms typical in anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
Coagulation time increased (possibly icterus),
bleedings
- This metal can cause chronic toxicosis in sheep and in certain dog breeds such as in Bedlington terrier.
Copper
- Which compound can be detected using Tompsett test?
Paraquat = blue
- Na-dithionate
- This compound reactivates acethylcoline-esterase enzyme.
Obidoxime
- + pralidoxime and asoxime
- Artificial respiration using oxygen or carbogen gas (95% Oxygen / 5% Carbon Dioxide) is useful for both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide poisoning
True
- CO = carbogen
- CO2 = oxygen
- Not hydrogen sulfide, only fresh air
- The cardiotoxic compounds in the snake venom can cause haemolysis, besides of other effects.
True
- What is the pathognomic skin symptom caused by the dioxines toxicosis?
Chloracne
- In case of bromadiolone poisoning, vitamin K should be administered for at least…
3 weeks
- 3-5 mg/kg 14 days
- 1-2 mg/kg 7 days
- 1-2 mg/kg every other day 14 days
Thorn apple toxin
Scopalamine
- Atropine, + hyosciamine
- Henbane, Deadly nightshade
Potato toxins
Solanine (alkaloid)
- + Solanidine (saponin)
Hemlock toxin
Coniine
Wolf’s spurge toxins
Euforbic acid
Saponine
esters
Euforbic acid
Wolf’s purge
Poinsettia
Yew toxin
taxin
- Chihuahua is more sensitive for pyrethroids than other dog breeds.
False
- Fish & bee = v. toxic
- cat = more sensitive
- Which substance can be used in eyedrops to induce vomiting in cats?
Not apomorphine
Not ropirinole
- What can be the pathology finding of the NSAID’s toxicosis?
Interstitial nephritis
Gastric ulcers
No clotted blood
- Poisonings by anticoagulant rodenticides are one of the most common intentional toxicoses
True
- A 10% NaHCO3 solution should be applied to the external mucous membranes to reduce the harmful effects of acidic toxic gases.
False
- Dimercaprol is a specific antidote to lead poisoning
False
- For arsenic and mercury
- The paracetamol/acetaminophen toxicosis causes methemoglobinaemia in dogs, this will serve the background of the symptoms.
False
- cats
- dogs: hepatic necrosis
- Which antibiotics are forbidden to use in herbivore rodents?
Amoxillin, amox-clav, ampicillin, clindamycin, lincomycin
- The α-latrotoxin is a thermo-sensitive protein.
True - Spider venom: Latrodectus (widow spiders) + Steatoda nobilis - release of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, acetylcholine) - ascending motor paralysis - Cats very sensitive
Bromadiolone is the inhibitor of vitamin K hydrolase epoxide enzyme.
False
- inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase like Brodifacoum
- Due to inefficient function of glucuronyl transferase, cats are highly sensitive to these substances.
NSAIDs
- Gastro-salivary recirculation is characteristic to theobromine.
True
- This poisoning could lead to hyperthermia.
Organophosphate poisoning
Metaldehyde poisoning
NITROPHENOLS
CHLOROPHENOLS
Organophosphate poisoning symptoms
DUMB SLED
Hyperthermia
- In case of proven phenobarbital toxicosis the administration of the substance must be discontinued immediately and an alternative anticonvulsant agent should be introduced
False
- Which clincal signs are caused in dogs by the venom of Latrodectus spp?
Tonico -clonic convulsion
- + dull muscular pain, hyperesthesia
muscle fasciculation, abdominal muscle rigidity, emesis, dyspnoea, paralysis
- What is characteristic to Bracken fern toxicosis?
Bone marrow damage
Haematuria due to thiaminase
- Ptaquilozid, cyanogenic glycoside = carcinogenic
- Which clinical signs are caused by Angel’s trumpet?
Respiratory paralysis, convulsions
- Atropine, hyosciamine, scopolamine
Atropine, hyosciamine, scopolamine
Angels trumpet
Deadly nightshade
Henbane
Thorn apple
- Which pathological alteration is not characteristic in ethylene glycol toxicosis?
Demyelinisation of peripheral axons
Fusarium spp belongs to?
Field mould
- What are the main pathological findings in chlorine gas toxicosis?
Not ulcerative stomatitis
Not the corpse has rotten egg odour
- Hydrogen sulfide = rotten egg
- Chlorine = eye, throat irritation , skin blisters
- Which medicine is useful in the treatment of nitrate-nitrite poisoning?
Methylene blue
- What is a pathological characteristic of paraquat poisoning?
Pulmonary fibrosis
- What is characteristic to phenoxyacetic acid derivatives?
They can alter the taste of poisonous weeds
- Which substance is found in Daffodil spp.?
Glycosides = scillitoxin
Alkaloids = lycorin
- Ca-oxalate
- Which antidote is a chelating agent?
Calcium disodium EDTA
Deferoxamine
D-penicillamine
- Which statement is true for methylxanthines?
They can cause brain oedema
- Which of the following is an insect carbamate?
Propoxur
- Which medicine is useful for bronchodilation from this list?
Aminophylline
- Which statement is true for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
They don’t cause serious CNS signs
They are excreted primarily in changed form, glucoronidation
They cause decrease platelet aggregation
Cause gastric ulcers
Cause interstitial nephritis
Cause hepatopathy
- Which is a clinical symptom of metaldehyde poisoning?
Ataxia, tremors
Hyperthermia
Transient blindness
- Molluscicide
List 3 groups methylxanthines and where each occurs
Theobromine: chocolate, cola, tea
Theophylline: bronchodilator
Caffeine: coffee, tea, cola
Colourless, strongly irritating gas with characteristic odour
Sulphur dioxide: sharp
Ammonium: sharp
Hydrogen sulphide: rotten egg
It is produced during the decompostion of organic materials with high Nitrogen content
Ammonium
It causes acid production on mucosa because because of moist
Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, Chlorine gas
Toxic gas with characteristic colour that is heavier than air
Nitrogen dioxide = light brownish
Chlorine gas = yellow/green
- both have bleach smell
High amount is produced during silage
Nitrogen dioxide
Gases heavier than air
Chlorine gas Nitrogen dioxide Carbon dioxide Hydrogen sulphide Sulphur dioxide
Gases that have bleach like smell
Chlorine gas
Nitrogen dioxide
Responsible for the activation of the following coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X ?
Vitamin k
Inactive vitamin K epoxide is reactivated by?
Vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme
Vitamin K is inactivated and turned into?
Vitmain K epoxide
Rodenticides inhibit?
vitamin K epoxide reductase
Rodenticides can damage?
coagulation factor synthesis
How do rodenticides cause bleedings?
Through capillary endothel damage
Rodenticide antidote and dose for small and large animals?
Vitamin K can be given as an antidote generally in a dose of 3-5 mg/kg for small animals , while in 0.5-1 mg/kg for large animals
Route of administration vitamin k?
PO or SC because some of the product causes anaphylactic reaction if given IV
Why don’t you give vit k IM? Which is preferred route?
Can cause bleeding
PO or SC
- Which medicine is useful in the treatment of poisoning caused by amphibians?
Benzodiazepenes
Atropine
This substance is routinely used to enhance urinary elimination of toxic substances.
Ringer lactate intravenous infusion
- Which mechanism of action is characteristic to the aflatoxins?
Aflatoxins have carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and immunosuppressive properties
- What is not characteristic to anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning?
Severe haemorrhagic enteritis
- Increased coagulation time (possibly icterus)
- bleedings (eye, nose, gingiva), haematomas
- What is characteristic to volatile oils?
Chemically versatile group that causes toxicosis only in higher doses
- Which medicine is useful in the treatment of cyanide poisoning?
NaNO2
Na2S2O3
- Which mechanism of action is characteristic to nitrate-nitrite?
It causes dilation of blood vessels via nitrogen monoxide liberation
- Which infusion would you recommend in ethylene glycol toxicosis?
NaHCO3 and Ringer lactate
- Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to zinc?
It causes haemolytic anemia after absorption
- Which clinical symptom is characteristic to hydrogen sulphide toxicosis?
Irritation, drowsiness, nausea, coma, asphyxiation, death
- Rotten egg smell and dark green corpse (metal sulfide saltts)
- Which of the following mechanisms of effect is characteristic to lead?
It binds to the sulfhydryl groups of proteins
- During the metabolism of organophosphates, the following process causes the increase of the toxicity of the substance?
Substitution of sulphur with oxygen
- Which substance is an alkaloid?
Colchicine
- Autumn crocus 0.8%
- Salivation, GI symptoms (vomiting, bloody, watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain)
- Gloriosa spp 0.3%
- Numb mouth & GI as above, cardiotoxicity,
- Whole plant, seed, bulb especially
Autumn crocus treatment
GI decontamination:
emesis/gastric lavage, charcoal, saline purgatives
Symptomatic therapy:
fluid/electrolyte, atropine, demulcents
respiratory stimulants, liver protecting, AB
- Colchicine (alkaloid)
Gloriosa spp treatment
GI decontamination
Symptomatic and supportive therapy:
coating drugs, fluid replacement, analgesics, EPO
Cyanoglycosides containing plants
Ornamentals: Sudan, sorghum spp., Johnson grass, vetch, bean spp, pea spp,
Weeds: Elderberry
Fruits: Bitter almond, flax, prunus spp (apricot)
- Hydrolysis by enzyme = HCN
Henbane, deadly nightshade, thorn apple toxic part
Whole plant especially leaves and seeds
- Atropine, scopolamine, hyosciamine
Diffenbachia spp. toxic part?
Whole plant especially leaves
Hemlock toxin and toxic part?
Coniine
Young plant, root, seed
Larkspur toxin
Delphinine
-Whole plant
Lily of the Valley toxin
Convallatoxin, saponine, volatile oil
Lupin toxin and pathological effect?
spartein, lupinine, lupanine anagirin (teratogenic effect) tannin, protease inhibitor, lectin \+ phomopsin Hepatogenous photosensitivity
Potato part of plant toxic?
Whole plant especially berry
Yew, part of plant toxic?
Entire plant except red seed coat
Lily of the valley part of plant
Flowers and leaves
Sweet clover toxin, part, animal, effect
Coumarin = methylene-bis-oxycoumarin
Whole plant
Cows
Coagulopathy
Rhododendron toxin, effect
Grayanotoxin = andromedotoxin
Entire plant especially honey = mad honey
Bradycardia, CNS (tremors, convulsions)
Na-channel, delayed depolarization
Which plants have coumarin glycoside?
Hydrangea spp = hydrangin
- GI
T-2 toxin (all species)
GI tract
Ochratoxin (su)
Urinary tract
Zearalenone (su)
Reproductive organs
Fumonisin (eq)
Nervous system
- leukencephalomalacia (rare in pigs)
Satratoxin (eq)
GI tract
Aflatoxin (all species)
Liver
Ergoline alkaloids (eq,ov)
Nervous system
Fumonisin (su)
Lung
- pulmonary oedema
Slaframine (and swainsonine)
Slobbers
Salivation, lacrimation
Ergot alkaloids, which part and which species most affected?
Ear of corn, seed (rye/other cereal/grass)
Cattle, poultry (horse, sheep)
Groundsel and ragweed toxin and effect?
pyrrolizidine alkaloid: Retrorzin, riddelin, jakobin
Liver damage, hepatogenous photosensitivity & CNS (hepatic encephalopathy)
Ergopeptine alkaloids
ergotamine, ergocristine
Poison ingesting:
Shellfish (from dinoflagellate)
Danaus butterfly
Polar bear (from seal)
Poison producing:
Fish
Amphibians
Millipedes (Chilognathia)