Past Q Flashcards by Hanne Maria Hansen

Please list two main advantages of digital (direct) radiography over computed radiography!

A: DR improves workflow by producing higher quality images instantaneously while providing 2 to 3 times more dose efficiency than CR.

Additionally :

X-ray photons are directly converted to a digital signal
Time and productivity savings (= reduces the long processing conventional radiography to seconds)
Images are instantly stored and ready to view on the computer
In some cases patient is exposed to significantly reduced radiation doses

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

A: D45L-PlMO (dorsolateral plantar medial oblique)

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

LM (in a 5-10degree tilt)

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

DPI (on a 5-10 degree tilt)

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

D45L-PIMO

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

PI45L-DMO

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

Flexed LM

(Highlight plantar aspect of trochlear ridges of tallus)

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Which radiographic projection is shown on this image?

SKYLINE

or Plantarprox-Plaantardist

(Highlight tuber calcanei & Sustentacullum talli)

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How do we administrate phenylbutazaone as premedication in horses?

A : Only IV

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What kind of narcotic system is appropriate for equine anaesthesia?

Closed circle

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Which drug is suitable for raising mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) intraoperatively?

Dobutamine

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It can happen in case of an accidental intraarterial injection of alpha-2 receptor agonist?

Collapse

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What sign could indicate that the horse is anaesthetised superficially?

Increase blood pressure

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How do we administer phenylbutazone as a premedication in horses?

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The most common complication after anaesthesia of a horse with laryngeal hemiplegia?

Laryngospasm

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What is true for a half limb cast, when you are using light casting as a cast material?

Quick application possible, no fluid permeability, it is light

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What is the most important point to keep in mind, while you are placing a high bandage on the front limb?

Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore

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What kind of fluid should be used for joint lavage?

Sterile, isotonic infusion solution

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Time-dependant antimicrobials are:

Beta lactams and macrolides

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Please list the three main steps of preparing a foot for radiological exam:

Remove shoes and pare the foot, brush food with wire brush, pack the sulci of the frog with play doh

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What is the first step in a case of a puncture wound of the sole of the hoof by a nail?

X-ray from the two views to localise the nail, the therapy depends on the nail position and injured structures

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What are the phases of wound healing in the correct order?

Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodelling

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When do you have to remove skin sutures following primary wound closure in a horse?

After 12-14 days postop

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List two parameters which are evaluated during a distant examination:

Size,
conformation,
body condition,
posture,
gait,
behaviour and demeanour,
obvious pathological changes

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List 2 basic coat colors in horses:

Bay, black, chestnut, grey etc

It poses the greatest risk when anaesthetising a newborn foal:

Induction with inhalational anaesthetic without premedication

Describe the normal percussion findings of the lungs in healthy adult horses:

Strong/sharp, low, resonant, short

What is the anatomical location (i.e. side and intercostal space) of the point of maximum intensity of a cardiac murmur originating from the aortic valve area?

Left 4th ICS below point of shoulder

List two reflexes for the examination of the trigeminal nerve in horses

* Evaluation of facial cutaneous secretion * Palpebral reflex * Corneal reflex * Ability to chew * Movements of the jaw

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a recumbent horse if it can raise it’s head and neck?

**Caudal cervical region**

What is the meaning of urinary tenesmus?

Excessive straining during urination

List three indications of abdominal ultrasonography in horses

* Colic * Weight loss * Anorexia * Pyrexia * Abnormal x ray findings

What is the normal percussion sound in the medium third of the abdomen on the right side?

Dulled tympanic

Define dysmetria:

An error in trajectory due to an abnormal range, rate, and/or force of motion

List the two unique characteristics of the mandibular lymph nodes in horses:

Y-shaped and lobulated

List two primary skin lesions:

* Macule Papule/plaque * Vesicle * Pustule * Urticaria * Nodule * Tumour * Cyst

List the three most important vital parameters:

Temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate

List two lymph nodes which are palpable only when they are enlarged in adult horses:

Lateral retropharyngeal Superficial cervical

List the three most important vital parameters (basic clinical values)

A: rectal temp, heart/pulse rate, respiratory rate

Name the white mark visible in the image below.

A: bald face

List two radiological findings, that may appear in a joint with osteoarthritis:

* Periarticular osteophyte formation * Subchondral bone lysis and/or sclerosis * Lucent zones in the subchondral bone * Narrowing of the joint space * Osseous cyst-like lesions * Joint capsule distension * Periarticular soft tissue swelling

List two non-musical adventitious respiratory sounds:

Clicking, rattling, crackling noises

What is the physical cause of the 4th heart sound(S4) in horses?

Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle

What is the most frequently used electrocardiographic lead system in horses?

Base-apex lead

What Greek prefix is used to describe the longest cardiac murmur?

A: Pan

Please list two main advantages of digital (direct) radiography over computed radiography

* Image seen in a few seconds, * faster examination, * lower radiation dose, * can produce better quality images

List three ancillary diagnostic methods for the examination of the abdomen in adult horses:

Ultrasonography, endoscopy, laparoscopy

What is the normal percussion sound in the medium third of the abdomen on the right side?

**A: dulled tympanic** ## Footnote **Left side** Dorsal 1/3 – dulled-tympanic Medium 1/3 – dulled-tympanic Ventral 1/3 – dulled **Right side** Dorsal 1/3 – tympanic (base of caecum contains gas, even healthy horse) Medium 1/3 – dulled tympanic Ventral 1/3 – dulled

What is the interval of isosthenuric urine specific gravity in horses?

1008-1014g/L (Hyposthenuria-\<1008g/L;Hyper-\>10014g/L)

List three indications of abdominal ultrasonography in horses.

A: * Colic * Weight loss, * Anorexia * Pyrexia * Leukocytosis, * Leukopenia * Abnormal X-ray findings * Elevated plasma fibrinogen * Elevated liver enzymes * Elevated kidney values * Abnormal peritoneal fluid

True or False? The tissue damage is extensive in contused wounds

True

Which radiological abnormalities can be associated with osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint?

Periarticular osteophytes

List two reflexes for the examination of the trigeminal nerve in horses.

A: Palpebral reflex, Corneal reflex

Which projection is best to highlight the dorsomedial aspect of the carpus? * Dorsoplantar * Dorsolatero-palmaromedial oblique * Palmarolateral-dorsomedial oblique * Flexed lateromedial

Palmarolateral-dorsomedial oblique

List two non-musical adventitious respiratory sounds.

A: Clicking, rattling, crackling noises Musical: whistling

What advantage does CT have when compared to MRI?

It provides more detailed information of osseous structures.

How does the amount of X-rays change with distance?

Inverse square law

Scintigraphy is particularly useful for diagnosing which injuries?

Stress fracture

Name the artefact marked with asterisks in the image below. The ultrasound was obtained from the right 10th intercostal space at the level of the shoulder joint.

A: Reverberation artefact

Which statement is true about MRI examinations? * It can only be performed in standing horses * It can only be performed under general anaesthesia * The foot is the most commonly examined region * The hock is the most commonly examined region

The foot is the most commonly examined region

The number of the left maxillary permanent first molar tooth in the Triadan system - 109 - 209 - 309 - 409

209

Which is true? * Above 50mA always death * Above 100mA always death * Both * None

Above 100mA always death

Name the artefact marked with asterisks in the image below.

Comet tail

How many lateromedial views would be appropriate/enough to see properly one seide of the equine thorax? -1 -2 -3 -4

What is the normal percussion sound in the dorsal third of the abdomen on the right side of an adult horse? * Resonant * Tympanic * Dull * Sonorous

Tympanic

Which blood parameter is suitable for the examination of the liver in horses?

Ammonia

Name the artefact marked with asterisks in the image below.

Plaural effusion

Which paranasal sinus is affected most frequently by sinusitis in horses? - * Maxillary * Frontal * Conchal * Sphenopalatine

Maxillary

What is the location of the mitral valve in the horse?

Left 5th ICS

Please name the radiological abnormality indicated by the arrow! Please specify its location.

A: Osteophyte on the dorso-distal aspect of P2

Which one of the following cardiac murmurs causes precordial thrill (fremitus)? * Grade 2 early systolic * Grade 3 late diastolic * Grade 4 pansystolic * Grade 5 holodiastolic

Grade 5 holodiastolic

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a horse if it shows tetraparesis and decreased thoracic limb spinal reflexes?

C6-T2

Which one of the following is a non-musical adventitious lung sound?

Crackling

Describe the abnormal colour of the oral mucosa visible in the image below.

A: dark pink/red/purple- colitis

What is the percussion sound of a normal guttural pouch in a healthy adult horse? * Dull * Bone like * Dulled tympanic * Resonant

Resonant

Which one of the following arteries is suitable for the palpation of the pulse in normal adult horses?

Transverse facial artery

The heart rate of a 24 hour old healthy foal is?

80-100

List two primary skin lesions.

**A: Macule, Papule/plaque, Vesicle, Pustule, Urticaria Nodule,Tumor,Cyst** (Secondary: Alopecia ,Scaling ,Crusting ,Scar ,Erosion ,Ulcer ,Lichenification Fissure ,Hypo- / hyperpigmentation ,Necrosis )

Which one of the following lymph nodes can be palpated in any normal horse? * Superficial cervical * Parotid * Superficial inguinal * Lateral retropharyngeal

Superficial inguinal

List **two lymph nodes** which are palpable only when they are enlarged in adult horses.

A: **Lateral retropharyngeal** and **Superficial cervical** ( rectal palpation: Iliosacral and Mesenteric) (always palpable- mandibular and Superficial inguinal)

Which cardiac murmur is physiological in horses?

Grade 3 early diastolic

Which part of the central nervous system is affected when a horse shows intention tremor?

Cerebellum

List two basic coat colours in horses.

A: bay, black, chestnut, white.

List the two unique characteristics pf the mandibular lymph node in horses.

A: Y-shaped, lobulated

What is the most important point to keep in mind, while you are placing a high bandage on the front limb? a- The bandage should be fixed to the hoof b- Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore c- Protect the proximal sesamoid bones against pressure sore d- The bandage should reach the level above the elbow joint

b- Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore

Time dependent antimicrobials are:

A: beta-lactams and fluroquinolones (according to pharma fluro are concentration dependent but there is no other option)

When do you have to remove skin sutures following primary wound closure in a horse?

A: After 12-14 days postoperatively

Name the skin lesion visible in the image below.

**Secondary skin lesion • Lichenification**

Which Greek prefix is used to describe the longest cardiac murmur?

Holo/pan systolic

Which drug is suitable for raising mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) intraoperatively? * Dobutamine * Lidocaine * Guaiphenesin * Atropine

Dobutamine

What kind of fluid should be used for a joint lavage? * Sterile, isotonic infusion solution * Sterile, hypertonic infusion solution * Sterile, isotonic 1% povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution * Sterile, hypertonic, 1% povidone-iodine (Betadine) solution

Sterile, isotonic infusion solution

What are the phases of wound healing in the correct order? * Acute inflammation, resorption, proliferation, remodelling * Resorption, acute inflammation, proliferation, remodelling * Resorption, acute inflammation, remodelling, proliferation * Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodelling

Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodelling

Which statement is true? * The prognosis is favourable in contused wounds for primary wound healing. * The tissue damage is extensive in contused wounds. * The underlying tissue have minimal damage in most of the cases of contused wounds. * Anaerobe wound infection is rare in contused wounds.

The tissue damage is extensive in contused wounds

What is the normal percussion sound in the medium third of the abdomen on the right side?

Dulled tympanic

List 3 indications of abdominal ultrasonography in horses.

* Colic =\> acute at least in hospital * Weight loss * Pyrexia

What is the anatomical location (i.e., side and intercostal space) of the point of maximum intensity of a cardiac murmur originating from the aortic valve?

Aortic valve – left 4th ICS below point of shoulder.

What is the physical cause of the 4th heart sound (S4) in horses?

Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle.

Describe the normal percussion findings of the lungs in healthy adult horses.

Normal findings: strong/sharp, low, resonant, short.

List two non-musical adventitious respiratory sounds.

Clicking and rattling

List the three most important vital parameters (basic clinical values).

* Rectal temperature * Pulse heart rate * Respiratory rate

List two basic coat colours in horses.

Black and bay

List the two unique characteristics of the mandibular lymph node in horses.

Y-shaped Lobulated, lentil to pea size lobules

List two primary skin lesions.

Macule and papule

Please list two main advantages of digital (direct) radiography over computed radiography?

Image seen in a few seconds Lower radiation dose

What is the meaning of urinary tenesmus?

Excessive straining during urination.

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a recumbent horse if it can raise its head and neck?

Caudal cervical region

What is the interval of isosthenuric urine specific gravity in horses?

1008-1014 g/l

List three ancillary diagnostic methods for the examination of the abdomen in adult horses.

* Rectal palpation * Nasogastric intubation * Abdominocentesis

List two reflexes for the examination of the trigeminal nerve in horses.

Palpebral reflex Corneal reflex

Which kind of narcotic system is appropriate for equine anesthesia? * Closed circle * Pendulum-like * Open system * Semi-open system

Closed circle

What is the normal range of ETCO2 measured by capnography? * \<35mmHg * \>45mmHg * 35-45 mmHg * 55-65 mmHg

35-45 mmHg

How do we administer phenylbutazone as premedication in horse? - IM - IV - SC - CRI

What is the most frequent used electrographic lead system in horses?

Base-apex lead Base-apex lead is the most common by Einthoven can also be used

Describe the normal percussion findings of the lungs in healthy adult horses

Strong, sharp, low, resonant, short

What is the most important point to keep in mind, while you are placing a high bandage on the front limb? * The bandage should be fixed to the hoof * Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore * Protect the proximal sesamoid bones against pressure sore * The bandage should reach the level above the elbow joint

Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore

Time dependent antimicrobials are: * aminoglycosides * aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones * B-lactams and fluoroquinolones * B-lactams and macrolides

B-lactams and macrolides

When do you have to remove skin sutures following primary wound closure in a horse? * After 7 days postoperatively * After 12-14 days postoperatively * After 21 days postoperatively * At the first bandage change

After 12-14 days postoperatively

List the most important vital parameters (basic clinical values)

* **Heart rate: 28-42 bpm** * **Respiratory rate: 10-18 breaths per minute** * **Rectal temperature: 37-38 c**

List two lymph nodes which are always palpable in adult horses:

1. Mandibular lymph node 2. Superficial inguinal lymph node

Please list two main advantages of digital (direct) radiopraphy over computed radiography!

* Distal radiography * image seen in a few seconds on screen * No need to take casette to the reader * Lower radiation dose * Better quality images

What is the anatomical location (i.e side and intercostal space) of the point of maximum intensity if a cardiac murmur originating from the aortic valve?

A: 4th intercostal space on the left side. (left P-3, A-4, M-5, right: T-4)

What is the physical cause of the 4th heart sound (S4) in horses?

A: Atrial contraction & sudden arrest of distended ventricles

Describe the normal percussion findings of the lungs in healthy adult horses.

A: strong, sharp, low, resonant, short Intensity (**strong, sharp** / weak), Frequency (**low** / high), Tone (**sonorous, resonant** / dull), Duration (**short** / long) green- normal

It is true for morphine administration: * Can last for 1-2 hrs after intramuscular injection * Can be given for epidural anaesthesia * More potent analgesic than fentanyl * After IV injection can cause hypertension

Can be given for epidural anaesthesia

Please name the disease that results in radiological abnormalities seen in this image.

A: laminitis

What is the meaning of urinary tenesmus?

A: excessive straining during urination

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a recumbent horse if it can raise its head and neck?

A: lesion is in caudal cervical region.

What is the interval of isosthenuric urine specific gravity in horses?

A: 1008-1014 g/L

Which statement is true? * The carbonisation of proteins is typical in I. degree burning injury * Formation of bullae is typical in I. degree burning injuries * III. degree burning injury: combustio escharctica * Formation of bullae is typical in III. degree burning injuries

III. degree burning injury: combustio escharctica

List three ancillary diagnostic methods for the examination of the abdomen in adult horses.

1. Rectal palpation , 2. Nasogastric intubation , 3. Abdominocentesis , 4. Endoscopy , 5. Radiography , 6. Ultrasonography , 7. Laparoscopy , 8. Laparotomy , 9. CT (foals)

Which radiographic view (projection) of which structures can you see on this image?

A: Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique

Which statement is true? * It is preferable to suture the edges of bite wounds * The bite wounds are healing by primary intention in general * Both of them are true * None of them is true

None of them is true

What Vitamin-A does help in wound healing? * Epithelization * Collagen synthesis * Both of them are true * None of them are true

Both of them are true

What is the most frequently used electrocardiographic lead system in horses?

A: Base-apex lead

It can be an indication for atipamezole administration: * If the foal remains recumbent for too long after sedation * If the cattle becomes recumbent after sedation * At recovery after TIVA * In all three cases above

If the foal remains recumbent for too long after sedation

Please name the abnormality shown in this radiograph.

A: Sequestrum

What are the phases of wound healing in the correct order ? a- Acute inflammation, resorption, proliferation, remodeling b- Resorption, acute inflammation, proliferation, remodeling c- Resorption, acute inflammation, remodeling, proliferation d- Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodeling

d- Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodeling

Which statement is true ? a- The prognosis is favorable in contused wounds for primary wound healing b- The tissue damage is extensive in contused wounds c- The underlying tissues have minimal damage in most of the cases of continued wounds d- Anaerobe wound infection is rare in contused wounds

b- The tissue damage is extensive in contused wounds

What is the location of the mitral valve in a normal horse?

A: left 5th intercostal space.

What is the most unlikely complication of general aneathesia in adult horses: * Hypotension * Bradycardia * Hypothermia * Bradypnoe

Hypothermia

In the normal ECG, P-wave is followed by:

A: QRS- complex (→it’s rather a “RS”complex than a QRS complex. Both terminology are used)

Which animal species has absolute cardiac dullness?

A: horse (= heart directly in contact with thorax wall)

How many cardiac sounds can be heard in a healthy adult horse, at a heart rate of 44 beats/minutes?

A: 2 (4 in low heart beat, 2 in fast heartbeat, normal HB range: 28-42 BPM)

What is the cause of the fourth cardiac sound (S4) in a normal adult horse? A. Ventricular contraction B. Closing of the semilunar valves C. Rapid ventricular filling D. Atrial contraction

D. Atrial contraction

It is not true for V/Q mismatch during anaesthesia: * Can not be improved by PEEP * Can be caused by airway obstruction * Saturation is \< 90% mostly * Arterial blood gas values deteriorate

Can not be improved by PEEP

Mortality is rising when anesthetizing a newborn foal, because: * The anesthesiologist has little experience of this type of patient * Patient's ionic disorder is common * Hypoglycemia is common * All above listed

**Hypoglycemia is common**

If the plane of general anesthesia is superficial, then ... * The eyeball rotates rostromedial * The corneal reflex is absent * The muscles of the jaw are tight * The pupil does not respond to light

The muscles of the jaw are tight

What is the location of the mitral valve in normal horse ? ## Footnote A. Left 3rd intercostal space B. Left 4th intercostal space C. Left 5th intercostal space D. Left 6th intercostal space

C. Left 5th intercostal space

The mean arterial pressure is * (systolic pressure + 2x diastolic pressure) / 3 * (2x systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 2 * (2x systolic pressure + diastolic pressure) / 3 * (systolic pressure + 2x diastolic pressure) / 2

(systolic pressure + 2x diastolic pressure) / 3

In a normal ECG, P-wave is followed by : a- T-wave b- R-wave c- QRS-complex d- S-wave

c- QRS-complex

Which of the following has no analgesic effect * ketamine * acepromazine * medetomidine * morphine

Acepromazine

Which animal species has absolute cardiac dullness ? a- Horse b- Goat c- Swine d- Sheep

a- Horse

Fibroblasts are present during the wound healing from * 24-26 hours * 2-3 days * 4-5 days * 10th day

2-3 days

How many cardiac sounds can be heard in a healthy adult horse, at a heart rate of 44 beats/minute ? a- 1 b- 2 c- 3 d- 4

b- 2 (→ \<35/min = 4 cardiac sound heard, 35-80 = 2 cardiac sound, 80-100 = 3 cardiac sound)

Name 5 types of wounds :

1. Puncture, 2. Ulcers, 3. Skin teers, 4. Contusion, 5. Laceration, 6. Avulsion, etc

The aim of PIVA: * To reduce cardiovascular depression under GA * To improve intraoperative analgesia * To improve recovery * All three above mentioned

All three above mentioned

Definition and symptoms of hypovolemic shock :

**Hypovolemic shock** , also known as **hemorrhagic shock,** is a **life-threatening condition** that result when the **horse loses more than 20%** (1/5) of it’s body’s **blood or fluid supply**. This severe fluid loss makes it **impossible for the heart to pump** a sufficient amount of blood to the body. **Hypovolemic shock** can lead to **organ failure.** * *Mild symptoms** : Headache, fatigue, nausea, sweating, dizziness * *Severe symptoms :** Cold skin, pale skin, rapid/shallow breathing, rapid heart rate, little or no cardiac output, confusion, weakness, weak pulse, blue lips and nails, loss of consciousness, lightheadedness.

When anaesthetizing a horse with HYPP (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis), it is the most important to prevent: * Hyperthermia * Myopathy * Ventricular fibrillation * Hyponatremia

Hyperthermia

Which is a great advantage of CT over MRI? * It provides more information about function * Shorter acquisition time * Less ionising radiation * Avoids the risk of being exposed to magnetic fields

It provides more information about funtion

Which describes the correct orientation of the skyline view of the navicular bone? * Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view * Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view * Dorsodistal-palmaroproximal oblique view * Dorsolateral-palmaromedial oblique view

Palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique view

What is the amount of contrast material (iohexol) used for myelography (adult, 500kg horse)? * 10-20 ml * 20-30 ml * 40-50 ml * 80-100 ml

40-50 ml

How many intercostal space does a horse have ?

Which material absorbs the most radiation? * bone * metal * soft * Tissues air

Metal

What is normal spontaneous coughing of horse ?

* Healthy horse doesn’t cough spontaneously, * cough stimulation is difficult, hardly can be done. * Stimulated coughing is * intensive, * sharp, * high, * short, * dry, * painless, * snapping, * does not reoccur.

What is not used for examining lungs * Ultrasound, * X-ray, * Endoscopy, * Scintigraphy ?

Scintigraphy

Which region can be imaged with standing magnetic resonance imaging? * The proximal metacarpal region * The elbow * The neck * The stifle

The proximal metacarpal region

Which is not used for examining paranasal sinuses * Auscultation, * Vision, * Percussion, * Palpation ?

Auscultation

Which intercostal space is caudal lung border at the tuber coxae in horse ?

16th ICS

What is the normal percussion sound in horse ?

Sharp/strong, low, sonorous/resonant, short

What is the caudal lung border at shoulder level of horse ?

10th ICS usually

Air is the most commonly used medium for positive contrast studies * Yes * No * Only for the navicular bursa * Negative contrast studies are performed more often in horses.

What is adventitious sound in musical respiratory sound ?

Whistling

What is true ? Horses couch spontaneously or not

Horses do not cough spontaneously

Which of the following steps helps to reduce the amount of scattered radiation? * Collimation * Placing the generator further away from the horse * Increasing film-focus distance * Wearing lead glasses

Collimation

What examination cannot be used for sinuses ?

Auscultation

What lab test is done if bone illness is suspected in horse ?

* Cytology, * Histopathology, * Microbiology, * Ca++, * Vit. D, * PTH, * kidney function, * ALKP, * Complete blood count, * Inflammatory mediators

What is the ALARA principle applied to? * Magnetic fields * Ultrasound * Laser light emission * Ionising radiation

Ionising radiation

How is the induced cough in horse ?

Healthy horse doesn’t cough spontaneously, cough stimulation is difficult, hardly can be done. Stimulated coughing is intensive, sharp, high, short, dry, painless, snapping, does not reoccur.

MCQ : What is true about the horse ? a- Long soft palate b- Long epiglottis c- Acute angle of esophagus into stomach d- Left colon attached e- Right colon attached f- Stomach touch wall g- Stomach does not touch wall h- Right colon is free i- Left colon is free

a- Long soft palate c- Acute angle of esophagus into stomach e- Right colon attached g- Stomach does not touch wall

In which direction should the Xray beam tilted for a caudocranial view of the stifle? * Slightly proximal to distal * Slightly distal to proximal * Horizontal beam should be used * Vertical beam should be used

Slightly proximal to distal

Where to measure pulse in horses ?

3 main sites : 1. **Facial artery** (in incisura vasorum facialium), 2. **Transverse facial artery** (Rostrally to facial crests) and at the 4th quantum of the eye (= lateral point of the eye). 3. **Last option** : at **distal cannon/Fetlock leve**l on each sides of the fetlock joint.

Which of the following regions is accessible for standing radiographic examination in an adult horse? * The sacroiliac joint * The lumbosacral joint * The caudal thoracic articular process joints?? * The ilial wing

The caudal thoracic articular process joints??

What is special about the GIT in a horse ? a- Small intestines are not fixed b- Colon is fixed c- Sharp angle at the cardia d- Long epiglottis

c- Sharp angle at the cardia

What causes enlarged p wave in horse ECG ? What is it called ? Symptom of ataxia in horse :

Symptoms of ataxia : CNS origin (not peripheral!!) causing incoordination without muscle weakness (sway, wobble, stumble movements/gaits), up to recumbency

The minimum time required for an osteophyte to become visible on a radiograph - 1 week - 2 weeks - 3 weeks - 4 weeks

2 weeks

Where does the nasal discharge come out when it is originated from the guttural pouch ? a- Unilaterally, ex : from the left guttural pouch, discharge will come out in/from the left nostril. (Same for right side) b- Bilaterally c- The discharge of one side’s guttural pouch will come out form the opposite/other side’s nostril.

a- Unilaterally, ex : from the left guttural pouch, discharge will come out in/from the left nostril. (Same for right side)

Thoracic x-ray is suitable for : a- Foal b- Foal and pony and miniature horse c- Foal with contrast d- Large horse

b- Foal and pony and miniature horse

What’s the result in case of guttural pouch inflammation?

Nasal discharge in both (nostril) sides (if both guttural pouch inflamed, if only one→discharge will be unilateral, I think)

Which one of the following statements is true about thoracic auscultation in horses? * Rattling is a musical adventitious respiratory sound. * Basic respiratory noises are harsh in normal horses due to the large lung capacity. * Auscultation over the lung should be performed in every 4 to 5 intercostal spaces. * In cases of dyspnoe, basic respiratory noises are increased in intensity.

In cases of dyspnoe, basic respiratory noises are increased in intensity.

Lung borders in the horse :

16th ICS **(tuber coxae**),14th **(tuber ischiadicum)**,10th **(shoulder)**, 7th **(elbow)**

What is a possible cause of completely missing lung sounds (basic respiratory noises) during thoracic auscultation? * Decreased airflow. * Pleural effusion. * Superficial breathing. * Respiratory distress.

Pleural effusion

Which one of the followings is a feature of the thoracic percussion sound in normal horses? - Dull - High - Tympanic - Short

**Short** **(Strong, Sharp, Short, ressonant, low)**

which one of the following blood parameters is most specific to detect cardiac muscle injury in horses? * LDH2 * CK-MB * Troponin I * AST

Troponin I

What are the percussion sounds of thorax in a healthy horse ?

Sharp, low, sonorous, short

What is the slap test in the horse?

Hit the withers from one side and palpate larynx on the other side, the horse swallows (N. Vagus recurrens involved), repeat from reverse side for both.

What can NOT be palpated in the rectal exam of a healthy horse?

Right kidney

What does stuporous mental status mean? * Quiet, unwilling to perform normally, but responsive to environmental stimuli. * Responsive to environmental stimuli, but responses are not clearly directed to the stimuli. * Unresponsive to environmental stimuli, but responsive to painful sensation. * Unresponsive to either environmental or painful stimuli.

Unresponsive to environmental stimuli, but responsive to painful sensation.

Which one of the following neurological signs can be seen in horses with vestibular lesions? * Head tilt. * Deviation of the head toward the side of the lesion. * Intention tremor. * Opisthotonus.

Head tilt

How to clinically examine bone?

? (Like painfulness, swelling etc. Think the right answer was the one with crepitation in it)

Which salivary gland is most accessible for physical examination in horses? * Mandibular. * Parotid. * Sublingual. * Buccal.

Parotid

What is false about the physical exam of kidneys? * Right kidneys are usually not palpable in horses * Enlarged kidney size is always associated with renal disease in cats * Decreased kidney size is always associated with chronic renal disease in dogs * Painful kidneys might indicate acute disease, renal stones, or tumor

Enlarged kidney size is always associated with renal disease in cats???

Picture of a horse with altered lung borders- what could be the reason?

For all these questions the answer was COPD (so I guess they’re using the same pic all over again)

Which species has physiological palpable ovarian glands ? a- horse, b- cattle, c- dog, d- cat, e- sheep, f- goat

## Footnote a- horse, b- cattle,

Which one of the followings is a primary skin lesion? * Scar. * Fissure. * Ulcer. * Tumour.

Tumor

Respiratory sounds over abdomen : A. higher in dog than horse, B. higher in horse than dog, C. “h” sound, D. bronchial in dog, E. bronchial in horse

A. higher in dog than horse, D. bronchial in dog,

Which one of the following coat colours is a basic colour? * Gray * Dun * Bay * Piebald.

Bay

How many scores are in the most commonly used body condition scoring system of adult horses? - 4 - 5 - 9 - 10

MPQ. In which species can you feel the heart on the right side? A. cat, B. dog, C. horse, D. cattle, E. rabbit, F. goat, G. sheep

A. cat, B. dog, C. horse, E. rabbit,

Percussion of hemithorax? absolute/relative dullness in which animals?

Absolute dullness in dog+ horse. Relative dullness in cattle, sheep, goat, swine

Which one of the following statements is true? * Normal equine stomach reaches the left abdominal wall only. * This is one of the reasons why horses cannot vomit. * The equine large colon is only fixed on the right side of the abdomen. * Equine small intestinal mesentery is short, therefore colic diseases involving the mesentery rarely develop. * Equine soft palate is short. This is one of the reasons why horses cannot vomit.

Equine small intestinal mesentery is short, therefore colic diseases involving the mesentery rarely develop

What is the respiratory rate in a 12-hour-old normal foal? * 10-20 breaths per minute. * 20-30 breaths per minute. * 30-40 breaths per minute. * 40-50 breaths per minute.

30-40 breaths per minute.

In which species can the uterus be palpated physiologically?

horse, cattle

Name the structures/bones in the following pics :

A- Humerus B- Radius C- Lateral Splint bone (or MC4) D- Tibia E- Proximal phalanx (or P1 or Long pastern

What is the normal percussion sound of the dorsal third of the abdomen on the left side? * Dull. * Dulled. * Dulled tympanic. * Tympanic.

Dulled tympanic

What anatomical structure does divide the guttural pouch? * Stylohyoid bone. * Tympanic Hyoid bone. * Ceratohyoid bone. * Thyrohyoid bone.

Stylohyoid bone

Caudal lung border in a healthy horse ?

At the level of the tuber coxae in the 16th ICS.

Which method is not suitable for the examination of the paranasal sinuses ?

Auscultation

Which statement is true ? a- The breathing type of the ruminants and carnivores is costoabdominal. b- The breathing type of the horses is costoabdominal c- Taking respiratory rate does not belong to the basic clinical values d- The respiratory rates of younger animals are the same as for adults

b- The breathing type of the horses is costoabdominal

In case of pulmonary oedema ? a- Water like serous discharge coming out from the nostrils b- Foamy pinkish, occasionally reddish content coming out from the nostrils c- Lumpy white content coming out from the nostrils d- Thick purulent putrid content coming out from the nostrils

b- Foamy pinkish, occasionally reddish content coming out from the nostrils

Name the structures below :

A- Mc bone B- Proximal phalanx C- Proximal sesamoid bone D- Proximal sesamoid bone E- Fetlock joint F- Middle phalynx G- Distal phalynx H- Pastern joint I- Coffin joint J- Distal sesamoid bone

What is the pulse rate in a normal foal at **birth**? * 40-60 beats per minute. * 60-80 beats per minute. * 80-100 beats per minute. * 100-120 beats per minute

**60-80 beats per minute**

Name the following structures :

A- Tibia B- Tuber Calcanei C- Central tarsal bone D- 3rd tarsal bone E- 4th tarsal bone F- Mt3 bone G- Mt4 bone (or splint bone) 1- Trochlea Tali ? or Simply Talus bone ? 2- Intermediate ridge of tibia ? 6- Tibial cochlea ?

Name the structures below : (Answers directly on pic)

Name the structures below :

A. Patella B. Lateral collateral ligament C. Cranial cruciate ligament D. Lateral meniscus E. Fibula (head/caput + neck/collum) F. Tibial crest/Crista tibialis G. Medial collateral ligament H. Medial meniscus I. Caudal cruciate ligament J. Patellar groove/sulcus ?

See the pic below to answer the questions :

**Fig. 1** : Which anatomical structure does the yellow arrow point at o Accessory carpal bone **Fig 2 :** Name the following muscles o A : M.Gastrocnemius o B : M.Fexor digitalis superficialis (SDF) o C : M.Flexor digitalis profundus (DDF) **Fig. : 3** : Which synovial structure can be involved in a septic process on Fig. 3 ? o Bursa subcutanea calcanea or Bursa Subtendinea calcanea

Describe the cardiac parameters of murmur :

FRIDA

Which spp has an apical heart beat ?

Dog, cat, horse, bovine, swine ?

Which conformational abnormality viewed from the front ? a- Normal conformation b- Vase wide c- Base narrow d- Carpus valgus e- Calf knee

b- Vase wide

Which conformational abnormality viewed from the front ? a- Normal conformation b- Base wide c- Base narrow d- Carpus valgus e- Calf knee

e- Calf knee

Which conformational abnormality viewed from lateral ? a- Normal conformation b- Camped under c- Calf knee d- Bucked knee e- Camped out

b- Camped under

Palpable lesions on the foot : a- Coffin joint effusion b- P3 fracture c- Bone oedema

a- Coffin joint effusion

Which tendon cannot be palpated in the metacarpal region ? a- Lig. Sesamoideum rectum b- Deep digital flexor tendon c- M. interosseus medius

b- Deep digital flexor tendon

Which conformational abnormality is not visible from lateral perspective ? a- Broken foot axis b- Base-marrow c- Club foot

c- Club foot→Not sure (cause club-foot patterns are lung pathological x-ray patterns)

Which conformational abnormality is not visible from frontal perspective ? a- Carpus valgus b- Base-wide c- Broken hoof axis

c- Broken hoof axis

What conformational abnormality is seen on the photo below ?

Toe out

Which cardiac murmur is physiological in horses ? a- There is no physiological murmur in horses b- Grade 2, pandiastolic murmur c- Grade 3, holosystolic murmur d- Grade 3, early diastolic murmur

d- Grade 3, early diastolic murmur

Which method is not suitable for the examination of the heart ? a- Inspection b- Palpation c- Ultrasonography d- Endoscopy

d- Endoscopy

How many cardiac sounds can be heard in a normal horse ? A. Always 2 B. Always 3 C. Often 2, sometimes 4 D. Always 4

C. Often 2, sometimes 4

What is the cause of the fourth cardiac sound (S4) ? ## Footnote A. Atrial contraction B. Opening of the semilunar valves C. Rapid ventricular filling D. Closure of the atrioventricular valves

A. Atrial contraction

What is the ocation of the aortic valve in a normal horse ? ## Footnote A. Left 3rd intercostal space B. Left 4th ICS C. Left 5th ICS D. Left 6th ICS

B. Left 4th ICS

At abdominal Ultrasonography exam, stomach is : a- Right side visible in 10-15th ICS b- Left side visible in 10-15th ICS c- Reaches ventral abdominal wall d- Can’t be visualized

b- Left side visible in 10-15th ICS

At rectal exam you can not palpate : a- Left kidney b- Ventral part of the caecum c- Right kidney d- Spleen

c- Right kidney

Not used for exam of esophagus : a- US b- Palpation c- Feeding test d- Percussion

d- Percussion

Not use for examination of the liver : a- Biopsy b- US c- Biochem d- Palpation

d- Palpation

The fluid at abdominocentesis can be : a- Transudate b- Exudate c- Both

c- Both

What kind of system is good to put horse to sleep ?

What is the average size of the respiratory volume of an adult 500 kg horse ?

What’s the minimum oxygen level required during anesthesia ?

How to monitor the circulation during anesthesia

What does the capnograph measure ?

Concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the respiratory gases.

The following what diagnostic method was the radiograph taken? (Long arrow) and what is indicated by the short arrow?

Long arrow, **contrast, radiography,** Short arrow, **1st carpal bone**

Please name the radiological abnormality indicated by the arrow. Please specify its location.

Periarticular osteophyte (osteoarthritis) on the dorsal aspect of the distal end of the short pastern bone (P2)

Describe the abnormal color of the oral mucosa visible in the image below

Colitis, dirty red color

Please name the abnormalities shown in this radiograph

Sequestration

Which radiographic projection is shown on this image

D45L-PlMO

Name the artifact marked with asterisks in the image below. The Ultra sonogram was obtained from the right 10th ICS at the level of the shoulder joint

Reverberation artifact

List the names of the paranasal sinuses marked with an asterisk in the image below

**Rostral maxillary** sinus and **frontal sinus**

A. sinus rhythm, B. Ventricular Premature complex, C. second degree or atrial ventricular block, D. atrial perimeter complex

D. atrial perimeter complex

A. PhonoCardiography B. Electrocardiography C. EchoCardiography D. Kinetic Cardiography

A. PhonoCardiography

A. Achilles Tendon B. M.Peroneus Tertius C. M. Tibialis Cranialis D. M. Extensor dig. Longus

B. M.Peroneus Tertius

Picture of a horse with

What are the Grades of SALTER Harris

* SH-I = Complete separation between epiphysis and metaphysis * SH-II = Fractures starts in the metaphases * SH-III = Intra articular fracture of Epiphysis only * SH-IV = Intra articular fracture of Ephesus and metaphysics * SH-V = just pain

* Dist check lig. desmotomy * Prox check lig. desmotomy * Deep dig. flex. Tend desmotomy * Lig. Ses. Rectum desmotomy

Dist check lig. desmotomy

* Navicular bone palmaro proximal - Palmaro distal oblique view navicular disease skyline view * Navicular bone dorsal proximal palmaro distal oblique view navicular disease * Navicular bone dorsal proximal palmaro distal oblique view septic osteoarthritis * Navicular bone palmaro proximal palmaro distal oblique view OCD

Navicular bone palmaro proximal - Palmaro distal oblique view navicular disease skyline view

Past Q Flashcards

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