Past Paper Topic 1 Flashcards
Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane?
Lysosomes
Which organism has DNA located in three organelles?
Fern
When during the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
C ( S phase )
A polymer of Alpha-D-Glucose found in plants has mostly 1,4 linkages and some 1,6 linkages.
Which molecule fits this description?
Sugar polymers
In an experiment the effect of changing pH on an enzymatic reaction is tested.
Which could be a dependent variable in this experiment? :
A. Changing substrate concentration
B. Rate of formation of product
C. Variation in temperature
D. Change in pH
D. Change in pH
What was the Davson-Danielli structure superseded by?
Singer-Nicholson fluid mosaic model
Meselson and Stahl concluded experiments using isotopes ^14N and ^15N which showed that DNA Replication is semi-conservative.
What would they have observed about the distribution of isotopes in the DNA after one round of replication if DNA replication was conservative?
Only ^15N DNA
The most abundant structural protein in the human body is found in ligaments and skin. What is the name of this protein? : A. collagen B. Hemoglobin C. Myoglobin D. Immunoglobulin
A. Collagen
A short sequence of nucleotides reads GGACAGAGCGCAGACGA.
In which type of molecule could the sequence be found? :
A. DNA molecule only
B. RNA molecule only
C. Both
D. In double-stranded DNA only
A. DNA molecule only
A child has blood group A and the father had blood group B.
Which are the possible genotypes of the mother?:
A. |A|A
B. |A|B
C. |A|
A. |A|A
What are the four different phases of meiosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
During which phase of the first division of meiosis can non-disjunction take place and what structure is affected by the non-disjunction?: A. Anaphase - Chromosomes B. Anaphase - Chromatids C. Metaphase - Chromosomes D. Metaphase - Chromatids
A. Anaphase - Chromosomes
What is the definition of Autotrophic?
An organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple ones
What is the definition of Heterotrophic?
An organism that ingests organic carbon in order to produce energy
What is the definition of Saprotrophic?
The process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion
What are producers?
Organisms that make their own food
What characteristic of water vapour classify it as a green house gas? :
A. It absorbs and re-emits some Long Wavelength radiation
B. It prevents short wave radiation from reaching the earths atmosphere
C. It absorbs UV radiation but does not re-emit
D. It absorbs Infra-Red radiation but doesn’t re-emit it
D. It absorbs Infra-red radiation but doesn’t te-emit it
What is depolarisation?
Loss of difference in charge between inside and outside of a plasma membrane
What is repolarisation?
Change in membrane potential that returns to its negative value
What is resting potential?
The electrical potential of cell when not stimulated
What is hyperpolarisation?
Change in a cells membrane potential that makes it more negative (think of it as the opposite of depolarisation)
What is exocytosis?
The cell transports molecules out of the cell by expelling them through an entertaining-dependent process.
(Think of exo as exit, it is things coming out of the cell)
What is endocytosis?
The movement of substances into the cell
For example: the engulfing of bacterium by a phagocytic cell
In which blood vessel connected to the heart does blood have the lowest CO2 concentration?: A. Pulmonary vein B. Vena Cava C. Pulmonary artery D. Coronary vein
C. Pulmonary artery
Which hormone promotes the thickening of the endometrium and also inhibits the hormone that promotes the development of the docile wall into the corpus luteum?: A. LH B. Progesterone C. FSH D. Estrogen
D. Estrogen
What helps to keep blood flowing onwards away from the heart in an artery? : A. Valves B. Elastic fibres C. Contraction of the skeletal muscles D. Having a wide lumen
C. Contraction of skeletal muscles
Pancreatic gland cells produce and secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes.
Which organelles would you expect to be present in higher than normal amounts in such cells?:
A: free ribosomes and Golgi apparatus
B. Rough ER & lysosomes
C. Rough ER & Golgi apparatus
D. Free ribosomes & lysosomes
C. Rough ER & Golgi apparatus
What is a prokaryote?
Unicellular organism
What is a eukaryote?
Multicellular organism
What are nucleotides made up of?
Sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
What is in the fluid mosaic model?
Phospholipid bilayer
How would you draw a nucleotide?
Circle, then a line to a house then a line to a rectangle
What does condensation do?
Creates water: it is one nucleus that splits into 2 nuclei polymers
What does hydrolysis do?
Hydrolysis uses water: 2 nuclei joined together to make 1 nucleus (monosaccharides into disaccharides)
What holds DNA together?
The sugar phosphate backbone
What is the difference in cell replication between meiosis and mitosis?
Meiosis is sex cells and mitosis is stomatic cells
Who created cell theory?
Robert Hooke (came up with the idea of the three things cells must have)
What does MRS GREN stand for?
M- Movement
R- Respiration
S- Sensitivity
G- Growth
R- Reproduction
E- Excretion
N- Nutrition
What is homeostasis?
Means maintaining relatively stable conditions inside the body
What is paramecium an example of?
How unicellular organisms get nutrients through diffusion.
Describe what happens to surface area to volume ratio as a cell gets larger?
The surface area to volume ratio gets smaller and so not enough material is able to cross the membrane fast enough to accommodate the increased size
What can stem cells do?
Self-replicate
Aren’t fully differentiated and so can produce different cell types.
What are embryonic and adult stem cells used for?
Embryonic stem cells are both stored for child in the future and used for stargardts disease
Adult stem cells are used for lukemia
What are moral issues with embryonic and adult stem cells?
There aren’t any for adults as they can make the informed and understood decision where as embryonic cell removal can kill it unless only 1 or 2 are taken and embryos can’t decide for themselves
State parts of light microscope
Eye piece Objective lenses Nose piece Coarse focus Fine focus Stage Lamp/light Diaphragm
What is the equation for magnification?
Size of image / actual size of object
What are the measurements for microscropes?
1 mm = 1000 micro metres = 10000000 nano metres
Difference between prokaryote and eukaryote
Prokaryote: no nucleus, simple, no membrane bound organelles, unicellular
Eukaryote: nucleus, more complex, membrane bound organelles, multicellular
