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Past paper R2101 sep 2020 > Past paper R2101 sep 2020 > Flashcards

Past paper R2101 sep 2020 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by GENUS?

A

a sub-group of a family.

consist of a group of species which have similar characteristics

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2
Q

Give examples of genus plants

A

Rosa, Betula, Helleborus

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3
Q

What is meant by species?

A

a sub group of the genus

the rank below genus.

A group of plants with similar characteristics so can interbreed.

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4
Q

examples of species

A

Alchemilla mollis

Fagus sylvatica

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5
Q

what is the meaning of the term “cultivar”?

A

cultivar= cultivated variety.

often bred and need maintaining to keep that form.

can occur naturally in wild, but would still need to be selected and maintained by humans

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6
Q

examples of a cultivar

A

Bergenia cordifolis ‘Purpurea’

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7
Q

where does starch storage take place?

A

pith and cortex

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8
Q

where does mineral transport take place in the tissue of a young dicot stem?

A

xylem (think of the young dicto stem diagram)

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9
Q

where does cell division take place in the tissue of a young dicot stem?

A

vascular cambium

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10
Q

describe two differences between a dicot and a monocot stem

A

dicto: vascular bundles arranged in a ring
undergo secondary thickening/woody

monocot: have no vascular cambium
non-woody/no secondary thickening
herbaceous
scattered vascular bundles

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11
Q

what is the main function of a leaf?

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

some examples of leaf adaptions are?

A 
leaf spine
Bulb
Tendril
Bract
Stinging Hairs
succulent leaves
needles
thick, waxy cuticle
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13
Q

what is the purpose of a leaf spine? Give a plant example

A

defense/protection from herbivory

eg: Berberis darwinii (looks like gorse)

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a bulb and name a plant example

A

for starch storage or perennation.

eg: Narcissus pseudonarcisssus (daffodil)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a tendril, name a plant example

A

climbing so leaves can access maximum light for photosynthesis.

To hold flowers in best position for pollination

To hold fruits in best position for fruit/seed dispersal

eg: Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea)

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16
Q

What is the function of a bract? Give a plant example

A

To attract pollinators.

eg: Euphorbia pul-cherri-ma

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17
Q

what is the purpose of leaf hairs/stinging hairs?

name a plant example

A

reduce water loss
protect from predators

EG: Urtica dioica (Nettle)

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18
Q

What is the purpose of succulent/fleshy leaves?

Name a plant example

A

To store water.

eg: Sedum spectabile

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19
Q

What are the purpose of needles?

name a plant example

A

To reduce water loss

eg: Taxas baccata (yew tree)

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the thick, waxy cuticle?

name a plant example

A

To reduce water loss.

eg: Ilex aquifolium (holly)

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21
Q

state the difference between juvenile and adult growth in the plant life cycle

A

Juvenile: non-flowering, can’t reproduce, vegetative growth

Adult: produces flowers and can reproduce

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22
Q

what are the benefits of juvenile growth in horticulture?

A

stem cuttings root more easily

hedges pruned regularly retain juvenile foliage so look decorative in winter

foliage is attractive in garden border/floristry

mowing lawns maintains lush growth (leafy sward)

coppicing stems provides attractive colour in garden border

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23
Q

what are the benefits of adult growth in horticulture?

A

flower/fruit production are decorative

scent from flower/fruit attracts insects to a border

flower production to for cut flower displays or on pot plants

seed production for propagation/breeding

seed/fruit production for a food crop

24
Q

what are the PRODUCTS of aerobic respiration?

A

carbon dioxide, water and energy

25
Q

what are the PRODUCTS of anaerobic respiration?

A

carbon dioxide ETHANOL and energy

26
Q

what is the significance of aerobic respiration in propagation?

A

it is required for growth of the embryo in seed germination

needed for the production of new roots in cuttings

both of these make new cells

27
Q

what does respiration break down in seeds and why?

A

Starch, to release energy

28
Q

where is starch stored in a seed?

A

in the endosperm and cotyledons

29
Q

a good supply of what is needed for aerobic respiration in germinating seeds/cuttings?

A

oxygen

30
Q

why must compost be well aerated?

A

to provide a good supply of oxygen

31
Q

to speed up the rate of respiration for germination or rooting, what is required?

A

a suitable temperature

32
Q

to prolong the length of time seeds can be stored, what rate should you try to reduce?

A

respiration.

33
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

controls movement of substances in and out of cell

produces cell wall

encloses cell contents

34
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

contains DNA-packed with chromosomes.

control centre of cell

35
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A

controls shape of cell, and protects it from pathogens

is elastic and once matures becomes rigid to set its final shape.

36
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

it is the sire of respiration

37
Q

what is the function of the vacuole and what does it contain?

A

contains water
stores minerals/pigments/waste products.

controls cell turgor

38
Q

how is the stamen adapted for wind pollination?

A

they hang outside the flower

the anthers are not fixed so can move in the wind

filaments are flexible

large amounts of smooth/light pollen produced

39
Q

how is the stamen adapted for bee pollination?

A

stamen is rigid so can brush against bee

pollen large, but small amounts

surface is rough

40
Q

how is the petal adapted for wind pollination?

A

small and insignificant.

dull, often green in colour

41
Q

how is the petal adapted for bee pollination?

A

brightly coloured (purple/yellow)

have nectar guides/nectaries

scented

landing platform for the bee (salvia)

42
Q

Name a wind pollinated plant

A

Tarraxacum officinale (dandelion)

Betula pendula

Zea mays (corn)

43
Q

Name a bee pollinated plant

A

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

44
Q

Describe the pathway of water movement through the leaf from the stem to the air

A

Transpiration. (creates a pull that moves water up roots)

water enters plant through root hairs through osmosis

as roots take on more water, pressure builds and pushes existing water through cortex

It enters xylem cells through osmosis

water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves, exiting as vapour into the surrounding air

45
Q

describe how light quality effects the rate of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts absorb light-red and blue wavelengths.
chloroplasts reflect green light

the less light-the slower the rate of photosynthesis.

PAR= photosynthetically active radiation

46
Q

what does PAR stand for (in photosynthesis)

A

photosynthetically Active Radiation

47
Q

what are the range of light wavelengths for photosynthesis?

A

400nm and 700nm

48
Q

how does the amount of available carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

the rate of photosynthesis increases as the levels of available carbon dioxide increases

49
Q

how can growers optimise the conditions for photosynthesis?

A

light:
keep glasshouses clean to maximise light penetration

in shorter days provide light of correct wavelength eg: high pressure sodium lamps

avoid overcrowding (leaves can intercept as much light as possible)

position plants to provide optimum light outside according to their sun/shade requirements

remove overhanging vegetation

Temperature: install fan heaters to increase optimum temps

shade using blinds/ventilation/damping down to reduce temp and avoid stomatal closure

Nutrients: apply fertilisers to ensure adequate supply

Water; avoid wilting of foliage and stomatal closure so use suitabke irrigation methods (apply mulch to boarders)

50
Q

name the flower part from where the seed develops from

A

the ovule

51
Q

name the flower part from where the fruit develops from

A

the ovary

52
Q

what is the function of the cotyledon?

A

storage of starch for the developing embryo

protection of plumule in epigeal germination

53
Q

what is epigeal germination?

A

germination of plant takes place above ground EG: common bean

54
Q

what is the function of the cotyledon in epigeal germination?

A

photosynthesis (common bean)

55
Q

what is the function of the plumule?

A

gives rise to the new shoot with leaves to carry out photosynthesis

56
Q

what is the function of the micropyle?

A

point of entry of water and oxygen to trigger germination.

maintains dormancy whilst sealed

point of entry of pollen tube to deliver male gamete to ovule for fertilisation

57
Q

what is the function of the testa?

A

protects seed from the environment and pathogens.

holds seed contents together

involved in dormancy-keeps out water and oxygen

Past paper R2101 sep 2020 (1 decks)

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