Past paper R2101 sep 2020 Flashcards by Bridget Cottam

what is meant by GENUS?

a sub-group of a family.

consist of a group of species which have similar characteristics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give examples of genus plants

Rosa, Betula, Helleborus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is meant by species?

a sub group of the genus

the rank below genus.

A group of plants with similar characteristics so can interbreed.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examples of species

Alchemilla mollis

Fagus sylvatica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the meaning of the term “cultivar”?

cultivar= cultivated variety.

often bred and need maintaining to keep that form.

can occur naturally in wild, but would still need to be selected and maintained by humans

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

examples of a cultivar

Bergenia cordifolis ‘Purpurea’

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does starch storage take place?

pith and cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does mineral transport take place in the tissue of a young dicot stem?

xylem (think of the young dicto stem diagram)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where does cell division take place in the tissue of a young dicot stem?

vascular cambium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

describe two differences between a dicot and a monocot stem

dicto: vascular bundles arranged in a ring
undergo secondary thickening/woody

monocot: have no vascular cambium
non-woody/no secondary thickening
herbaceous
scattered vascular bundles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the main function of a leaf?

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

some examples of leaf adaptions are?

leaf spine
Bulb
Tendril
Bract
Stinging Hairs
succulent leaves
needles
thick, waxy cuticle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the purpose of a leaf spine? Give a plant example

defense/protection from herbivory

eg: Berberis darwinii (looks like gorse)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of a bulb and name a plant example

for starch storage or perennation.

eg: Narcissus pseudonarcisssus (daffodil)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of a tendril, name a plant example

climbing so leaves can access maximum light for photosynthesis.

To hold flowers in best position for pollination

To hold fruits in best position for fruit/seed dispersal

eg: Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet Pea)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of a bract? Give a plant example

To attract pollinators.

eg: Euphorbia pul-cherri-ma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the purpose of leaf hairs/stinging hairs?

name a plant example

reduce water loss
protect from predators

EG: Urtica dioica (Nettle)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of succulent/fleshy leaves?

Name a plant example

To store water.

eg: Sedum spectabile

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the purpose of needles?

name a plant example

To reduce water loss

eg: Taxas baccata (yew tree)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the purpose of the thick, waxy cuticle?

name a plant example

To reduce water loss.

eg: Ilex aquifolium (holly)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

state the difference between juvenile and adult growth in the plant life cycle

Juvenile: non-flowering, can’t reproduce, vegetative growth

Adult: produces flowers and can reproduce

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the benefits of juvenile growth in horticulture?

stem cuttings root more easily

hedges pruned regularly retain juvenile foliage so look decorative in winter

foliage is attractive in garden border/floristry

mowing lawns maintains lush growth (leafy sward)

coppicing stems provides attractive colour in garden border

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the benefits of adult growth in horticulture?

flower/fruit production are decorative

scent from flower/fruit attracts insects to a border

flower production to for cut flower displays or on pot plants

seed production for propagation/breeding

seed/fruit production for a food crop

what are the PRODUCTS of aerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide, water and energy

what are the PRODUCTS of anaerobic respiration?

carbon dioxide ETHANOL and energy

what is the significance of aerobic respiration in propagation?

it is required for growth of the embryo in seed germination needed for the production of new roots in cuttings both of these make new cells

what does respiration break down in seeds and why?

Starch, to release energy

where is starch stored in a seed?

in the endosperm and cotyledons

a good supply of what is needed for aerobic respiration in germinating seeds/cuttings?

oxygen

why must compost be well aerated?

to provide a good supply of oxygen

to speed up the rate of respiration for germination or rooting, what is required?

a suitable temperature

to prolong the length of time seeds can be stored, what rate should you try to reduce?

respiration.

what does the cell membrane do?

controls movement of substances in and out of cell produces cell wall encloses cell contents

what does the nucleus do?

contains DNA-packed with chromosomes. control centre of cell

what does the cell wall do?

controls shape of cell, and protects it from pathogens is elastic and once matures becomes rigid to set its final shape.

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

it is the sire of respiration

what is the function of the vacuole and what does it contain?

contains water stores minerals/pigments/waste products. controls cell turgor

how is the stamen adapted for wind pollination?

they hang outside the flower the anthers are not fixed so can move in the wind filaments are flexible large amounts of smooth/light pollen produced

how is the stamen adapted for bee pollination?

stamen is rigid so can brush against bee pollen large, but small amounts surface is rough

how is the petal adapted for wind pollination?

small and insignificant. dull, often green in colour

how is the petal adapted for bee pollination?

brightly coloured (purple/yellow) have nectar guides/nectaries scented landing platform for the bee (salvia)

Name a wind pollinated plant

Tarraxacum officinale (dandelion) Betula pendula Zea mays (corn)

Name a bee pollinated plant

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

Describe the pathway of water movement through the leaf from the stem to the air

Transpiration. (creates a pull that moves water up roots) water enters plant through root hairs through osmosis as roots take on more water, pressure builds and pushes existing water through cortex It enters xylem cells through osmosis water evaporates through the stomata in the leaves, exiting as vapour into the surrounding air

describe how light quality effects the rate of photosynthesis

chloroplasts absorb light-red and blue wavelengths. chloroplasts reflect green light the less light-the slower the rate of photosynthesis. PAR= photosynthetically active radiation

what does PAR stand for (in photosynthesis)

photosynthetically Active Radiation

what are the range of light wavelengths for photosynthesis?

400nm and 700nm

how does the amount of available carbon dioxide affect the rate of photosynthesis?

the rate of photosynthesis increases as the levels of available carbon dioxide increases

how can growers optimise the conditions for photosynthesis?

light: keep glasshouses clean to maximise light penetration in shorter days provide light of correct wavelength eg: high pressure sodium lamps avoid overcrowding (leaves can intercept as much light as possible) position plants to provide optimum light outside according to their sun/shade requirements remove overhanging vegetation Temperature: install fan heaters to increase optimum temps shade using blinds/ventilation/damping down to reduce temp and avoid stomatal closure Nutrients: apply fertilisers to ensure adequate supply Water; avoid wilting of foliage and stomatal closure so use suitabke irrigation methods (apply mulch to boarders)

name the flower part from where the seed develops from

the ovule

name the flower part from where the fruit develops from

the ovary

what is the function of the cotyledon?

storage of starch for the developing embryo protection of plumule in epigeal germination

what is epigeal germination?

germination of plant takes place above ground EG: common bean

what is the function of the cotyledon in epigeal germination?

photosynthesis (common bean)

what is the function of the plumule?

gives rise to the new shoot with leaves to carry out photosynthesis

what is the function of the micropyle?

point of entry of water and oxygen to trigger germination. maintains dormancy whilst sealed point of entry of pollen tube to deliver male gamete to ovule for fertilisation

what is the function of the testa?

protects seed from the environment and pathogens. holds seed contents together involved in dormancy-keeps out water and oxygen