Past Paper Questions

Question 1

The right colic artery originates from:
1. Superior mesenteric artery
2. Internal iliac artery
3. Inferior mesenteric artery
4. The celiac trunk
5. The common hepatic artery

Answer 1

Superior mesenteric artery.

Question 2

Location of ischial spine
1. posterior margin
2. Upper margin
3. Lower margin
4. Anterior margin

Answer 2

Posterior

Question 3

Inferior vena cava
1. Originate from joining of internal iliac vein
2. Originate from joining of external iliac vein
3. Starts at the level of L2
4. Locates on right of aorta
5. Locates on left of aorta

Answer 3

Located on right of the aorta

Question 4

Which structure is not related to the inferior surface of the lung?
1. Pancreas
2. Stomach
3. Liver
4. Spleen
5. Diaphragm

Answer 4

2
Emin degilim boylesoru mu olr amk

Question 5

Which joint is synovial joint?
1. Lateral and medial meniscus
2. Popliteal ligament
3. Collateral ligament
4. Patellar ligament

Answer 5

the lateral and medial menisci are structures within the synovial knee joint, providing important functions such as load distribution and stability. In contrast, ligaments like the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) are located around the knee joint, connecting bones and contributing to its stability but not within the synovial cavity.

Question 6

How many lymph nodes forms Axillary lymph nodes?
1. 3
2. 5
3. 8
4. 13
5. 2

Answer 6

I assume the correct answer is 3 because in the lecture prof talked about 3
But in the axillary region of the human body we have around 20-30 different lymph nodes.

Question 7

Left gonadal vein drains into?

Answer 7

The right gonadal vein (GV=testicular vein in men, ovarian vein in women) usually drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC) while the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein (RV).

Question 8

Middle rectal artery origin

Answer 8

A branch of the internal iliac artery.

Question 9

What’s true about the lower vascular pole of the testes?

Answer 9

The lower vascular pole of the testes typically refers to the lower part of the testicular blood supply. The testicular arteries, which arise from the abdominal aorta, travel into the scrotum and give rise to multiple branches that supply the testes. The vascular pole refers to the area where these vessels enter and exit the testes. The blood supply is crucial for providing oxygen and nutrients to the testicular tissues and for the regulation of temperature within the scrotum, which is essential for spermatogenesis (sperm production).

Question 10

Which cell produce bile

Answer 10

Hepatocytes

Question 11

Ischial spine location

Answer 11

Posterior

Question 12

Adductor longus

Answer 12

The adductor longus is a muscle located in the thigh. Here are some key points about the adductor longus:

1. Location: The adductor longus is one of the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh.
2. Origin: It originates from the pubic bone.
3. Insertion: The muscle inserts into the middle third of the linea aspera on the posterior surface of the femur.
4. Action: The primary action of the adductor longus is to adduct the thigh, meaning it helps bring the thigh toward the midline of the body.
5. Innervation: It is innervated by the obturator nerve.

The adductor longus is part of the adductor muscle group, contributing to movements involving the inner thigh and hip joint.

Question 13

Attachment of the arytenoid cartilage

Answer 13

Cricoid cartilage.
The base of the each arytenoid cartilage articulates with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage is very important for the sound production

Question 14

Gastroesophageal junction

Answer 14

The gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is the anatomical region where the esophagus connects to the stomach. It involves both muscular and sphincteric structures. Here’s a detailed overview:

1. Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES): This muscular structure is a crucial component of the gastroesophageal junction. It is located at the distal end of the esophagus, just above the stomach. The LES acts as a sphincter to prevent gastric contents from refluxing back into the esophagus.
2. Diaphragmatic Hiatus: The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus. This hiatus allows the esophagus to connect with the stomach.
3. Z-Line: The Z-line is the anatomical boundary between the esophageal mucosa and the gastric mucosa. It is a visible landmark indicating the transition from squamous epithelium (in the esophagus) to columnar epithelium (in the stomach).
4. Cardia of the Stomach: The region of the stomach closest to the gastroesophageal junction is referred to as the cardia. This area is important in preventing reflux of stomach contents back into the esophagus.
5. Gastroesophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter: This term is sometimes used to describe the functional aspect of the region where the esophagus meets the stomach. It represents the coordinated action of the LES, the diaphragmatic hiatus, and the cardia of the stomach in preventing reflux.

Understanding the anatomy and function of the gastroesophageal junction is crucial in the context of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other disorders affecting this region. Issues with the lower esophageal sphincter or the competence of the junction can lead to reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn.

Question 15

Location of detrusor muscle

Answer 15

The detrusor muscle is a smooth muscle layer found in the wall of the urinary bladder. It is the main muscle responsible for the contraction of the bladder during the voiding phase of micturition (urination). The detrusor muscle surrounds the bladder and is arranged in a complex network, allowing it to contract and expel urine from the bladder into the urethra.

The coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle, along with relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, facilitates the expulsion of urine from the bladder during the urination process.

Question 16

Serratus anterior muscle damages

Answer 16

Winged scapula
Serratus anterior connects scapula to the rib cage

Question 17

Micro of ureters

Answer 17

Examining the microscopic anatomy (histology) of the ureters reveals the following features:

1. Transitional Epithelium: The inner lining of the ureters is covered by a specialized epithelium called transitional epithelium. This type of epithelium allows for stretching and recoiling as the ureters undergo changes in volume due to the passage of urine.
2. Muscularis Layer: The wall of the ureters contains a muscular layer known as the muscularis. The muscularis is composed of smooth muscle fibers organized into inner longitudinal and outer circular layers. These muscles contract rhythmically to propel urine from the kidneys to the bladder through peristaltic movements.
3. Submucosa: The submucosa is a connective tissue layer beneath the transitional epithelium. It contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves that support the function of the ureters.
4. Adventitia: The outermost layer of the ureters is the adventitia, which is primarily composed of connective tissue. The adventitia helps anchor the ureters to surrounding structures.

Understanding the histological structure of the ureters is essential for comprehending their function in transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Question 18

Vertebral canal

Answer 18

The vertebral canal is a bony canal formed by the vertebral foramen of consecutive vertebrae in the spine. Here are key points about the vertebral canal:

1. Location: The vertebral canal runs longitudinally within the vertebral column, extending from the base of the skull to the sacrum.
2. Contents: It houses and protects the spinal cord, the meninges (protective layers covering the spinal cord), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
3. Formation: The vertebral canal is formed by the vertebral foramen, which is the opening in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes.
4. Intervertebral Foramina: Gaps between adjacent vertebrae create openings called intervertebral foramina. These openings allow spinal nerves to exit the vertebral canal and branch out to various parts of the body.
5. Protection of Spinal Cord: The vertebral canal provides a bony encasement that helps protect the delicate spinal cord from mechanical damage.

The vertebral canal is a vital component of the vertebral column, serving as a protective passage for the spinal cord and associated structures.

Question 19

Right colic artery originates from which artery?

Answer 19

Superior mesenteric artery(which arised from the abdominal aorta.)
SMA supplies; primary blood supplier of the small intestine(jejunum and ileum), cecum and appendix, ascending colon(right colic artery), proximal Two-Thirds of the transverse colon(middle colic artery).
The proximal one-thirds of the duodenum receives blood from celiac trunk but distal 2/3 supplied by SMA

Question 20

Rotator cuff muscles are

Answer 20

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subcapsularis

Question 21

The lateral circumflex artery supplies what?

Answer 21

The lateral circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery, it supplies the lateral wall of the left ventricle. It runs along the outer surface of the heart.
Left coronary artery branches off;
-Left anterior descending artery(LAD)=Descends along the anterior interventricular groove and supplies blood to the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum and anterior wall of the left ventricle
-left circumflex artery(LCx)= Runs to the left in the AV groove also known as the coronary sulcus. It supplies lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle.

Question 22

Winged scapula is because of which muscle

Answer 22

Serratus anterior

Question 23

Location of myenteric plexus in the small intestine(Auerbach’s Plexus)

Answer 23

The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach’s plexus, is a network of nerves located in the muscular layer (muscularis externa) of the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine. Specifically, the myenteric plexus is situated between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle within the muscularis externa.

Myenteric plexus involved in the muscle movements of the GI tract such as peristalsis and it is not involved in the secretions to the lumen. It is the key regulator of smooth muscle contractions and overall gastrointestinal motility.

Question 24

What is the teres minor innervated by?

Answer 24

Axillary nerve C5-C6
Also innervates deltoid muscles in the shoulder.

Question 25

What is the only muscle that is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 25

Cricothyroid muscle. Responsible for the adjusting the tension of the vocal cords.

Question 26

Where are the multivescicular bodies? Pneumocytes II

Answer 26

Pneumocytes II to produce surfactant.

Question 27

Which nerve gets in the way for a fibular head blockage?

Answer 27

Common peroneal nerve also known as common fibular nerve.

Question 28

Common iliac artery, which one is wrong?
a. It is 10cm long
b. Passes obliquely to L4, L5

Answer 28

The common iliac artery is a major blood vessel in the abdominal region that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to supply the pelvic organs, lower abdominal wall, and lower extremities. Here are key points about the anatomy of the common iliac artery:

1. Origin: The common iliac artery arises from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, typically at the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra (L4).
2. Division: The common iliac artery divides into two branches:
   
   • External Iliac Artery: This branch continues downward, eventually becoming the femoral artery and supplying blood to the lower extremities.
   • Internal Iliac Artery: This branch provides blood supply to the pelvic organs and the gluteal region.
3. Course: The common iliac artery descends along the pelvic brim and gives off its branches as it progresses down the pelvis.
4. Relation to Structures: The common iliac artery is situated posterior to the peritoneum and anterior to the lumbar spine. It is also closely related to the ureters and the common iliac veins.
   It is around 5cm
   It passes obliquely to the L4,L5

Question 29

Where is the submucosa plexus?

Answer 29

It is a network of neurons in the submucosa of the GI tract. Also known as Meissner’s plexus. It is a part of the enteric nervous system.
Second brain
Located beneath the mucosa lining(innermost)
Primarily involved in regulating secretions and blood flow into the mucosa, nutrient absorption and fluid exchange.

Question 30

What is the border of the greater pelvis?
Also known as false pelvis.

Answer 30

Formed by wings of the ilium, and anteriorly the inguinal ligament
Located above of the pelvic brim and is limited superiorly by the abdominal organs. Primarily contain abdominal organs. Doesn’t play a direct role in the childbirth.

Question 31

Which muscles are not the part of the Rotator cuff?

Answer 31

a. Subscapularis
b. Supraspinatus
c. Infraspinatus
d. Teres minor
e. Teres major
E

Question 32

Aortic valve leaflets are each called

b. Right / Left / Anterior
c. Right / Left / Posterior
d. Posterior / Anterior / Lateral

Answer 32

Right left and posterior.

Question 33

Kupffer cell is

Answer 33

Macrophage of the liver

Question 34

Which of the following statements is wrong about Thymus?

a. It is asymmetrical structure
b. It locates over the cervical pleura
c. It locates behind the sternum
d. Sometimes, it reaches to the level of the neck

Answer 34

B and D
It is located under the cervical pleura

Question 35

Regarding the heart chambers

Answer 35

Left atrium has thicker wall than right atrium

Question 36

Tracheal cartilages

Answer 36

Hyaline cartilage

The trachea, or windpipe, is a tubular structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. It is supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings that provide structural integrity and prevent the collapse of the trachea during breathing. Here’s an overview of the anatomy of tracheal cartilages:

1. C-Shaped Rings: The trachea is reinforced by a series of incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings. The open part of the C faces posteriorly, allowing flexibility and the ability to expand and contract during breathing.
2. Composition: The tracheal cartilages are composed of hyaline cartilage, which is a strong and flexible type of cartilage. This composition maintains the tracheal lumen while providing structural support.
3. Posterior Membrane: The posterior part of the tracheal rings is not covered by cartilage but instead by a fibrous membrane containing smooth muscle and connective tissue. This arrangement allows flexibility for swallowing and movement of the adjacent esophagus.
4. Connections: The tracheal cartilages are connected by the trachealis muscle, a smooth muscle that spans the posterior aspect of the trachea. This muscle allows adjustment of tracheal diameter.
5. Innervation and Blood Supply: Nerves and blood vessels run along the outer surface of the trachea, providing sensory innervation and vascular supply to the tracheal wall.

The arrangement of the tracheal cartilages is vital for maintaining the patency of the airway and facilitating smooth airflow during respiration.

Question 37

Hepatic lobule

Answer 37

A hepatic lobule is a functional unit of the liver, representing a hexagonal-shaped structure with portal triads at its corners and a central vein at its center. The liver is organized into these lobules, and each lobule has a specific vascular and biliary arrangement that contributes to the liver’s metabolic and excretory functions.

Key features of the hepatic lobule include:

1. Portal Triad: At each corner of the lobule, there is a portal triad, consisting of branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. These structures bring oxygenated blood, nutrient-rich blood, and bile to the lobule.
2. Central Vein: The central vein is located in the center of the hepatic lobule and collects blood that has passed through sinusoids, draining it out of the liver.
3. Sinusoids: Blood flows through sinusoids, which are capillary-like structures located between rows of hepatocytes (liver cells) in the lobule. Sinusoids facilitate the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between hepatocytes and blood.

Understanding the hepatic lobule is crucial for comprehending the microanatomy and function of the liver. It provides a framework for the liver’s complex processes, including metabolism, detoxification, and the production of bile.

Question 38

Parietal cells of the stomach

Answer 38

Parietal cells, also known as oxyntic cells, are specialized cells located in the gastric glands of the stomach lining. These cells play a crucial role in the production of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) to aid in the digestion of food. Here’s an overview of the anatomy of parietal cells:

1. Location: Parietal cells are found in the gastric glands of the gastric mucosa, particularly in the body and fundus regions of the stomach.
2. Shape: Parietal cells are typically large, pyramidal or oval-shaped cells.
3. Secretory Vesicles: Parietal cells contain numerous secretory vesicles that store and release hydrochloric acid into the stomach lumen.
4. Proton Pump: The secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells is primarily mediated by the activity of a proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) located on the canalicular membrane (apical membrane) of the cell. This pump exchanges potassium ions for protons, leading to the release of acid into the gastric lumen.
5. Intrinsic Factor: Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
6. Tubulovesicular System: Parietal cells have an extensive network of intracellular tubulovesicular structures involved in the transport of protons to the secretory canaliculi.

The activity of parietal cells is regulated by various factors, including hormones, neural signals, and the presence of food in the stomach. The acid produced by these cells creates an acidic environment in the stomach, aiding in the breakdown of food and creating an inhospitable environment for ingested microorganisms.

Question 39

Motor branches of the obturator nerve

Answer 39

The obturator nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus (specifically, from the anterior divisions of the second, third, and fourth lumbar nerves). While the obturator nerve primarily carries sensory fibers to the muscles of the medial thigh and skin, it also provides motor innervation to some muscles. The primary motor branches of the obturator nerve include:

1. Obturator externus muscle: The obturator nerve innervates the obturator externus, a muscle that helps with lateral rotation and abduction of the hip.
2. Adductor muscles: The obturator nerve innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh, including adductor longus, adductor brevis, and part of adductor magnus and Gracilis.
   Actions: abduction and lateral rotation.

Question 40

Nerve associated to the Guyon Canal

Answer 40

Ulnar nerve. Last 3/2 fingers
Carpal tunnel- median nerve first 3 1/2 fingers

Question 41

The iliotibial band is the insertion of

Answer 41

The iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band of fascia formed proximally at the hip by the fascia of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles.

Question 42

Umbilical artery the remnants in the human body?

Answer 42

It forms medial umbilical ligaments. These are fibrous cords that extend from the internal iliac arteries down to the umbilicus(navel). The proximal portions of the umbilical arteries become part of the internal iliac arteries, contributing the blood supply of the pelvis.

Question 43

Internal pudendal vein is tributary of
(Bulb of the penis)

Answer 43

The internal iliac vein.

Question 44

Which cells produce surfactant

Answer 44

Type II pneumocytes

Question 45

The gracilis and adductor muscles are innervated by

Answer 45

Obturator nerve

Question 46

Cloquet’s lymph node is an example of - deep inguinal lymph node

Answer 46

It is a sentinel lymph node which means first lymph nodes that receive drainage from a primary tumor.
Importance of the Cloquet’s lymph node
Sentinel node of the femoral canal.

Question 47

Which of the following is wrong:
quadratus lumborum flexes the lumbar column,
psoas major flexes the lumbar column,
longus colli extends the neck(wrong!)
spinalis extends,
ileocostalis extends

Answer 47

Quadratus lumborum-extends and laterally flexes the lumbar spine
Psoas major- flexes the lumbar spine
Longus colli-flexes the neck
Spinalis- extend the spine
Iliocostalis- extend the spine.

Question 48

The superior rectal vein drains into

Answer 48

The superior rectal vein is a branch of the inferior mesenteric vein. It drains blood from the upper part of the rectum and ultimately contributes to the venous drainage of the gastrointestinal tract. The inferior mesenteric vein collects blood from various tributaries in the abdominal region, and one of these tributaries is the superior rectal vein.

Question 49

The umbilical vein comes from
Bu nasil soru amk

Answer 49

Internal iliac
Umbilical vein give rise to the ligamentum teres in the liver which is a round ligament. It connects liver to the anterior abdominal wall(navel)

Question 50

What are the lacteals in the intestine

Answer 50

Lacteals are specialized lymphatic vessels found in the small intestine, particularly in the villi of the intestinal mucosa. They play a crucial role in the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins.

Key features of lacteals include:

1. Location: Lacteals are present within the finger-like projections called villi, which cover the inner surface of the small intestine.
2. Function: Lacteals absorb dietary lipids (fats) along with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) during the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. The absorbed fats are transported in the form of a milky white fluid called chyle.
3. Transport of Chyle: Chyle is a fluid rich in lipids that forms in the lacteals after the absorption of fats. Lacteals transport chyle through the lymphatic system, ultimately draining into the thoracic duct, which releases it into the bloodstream near the left subclavian vein.
4. Role in Immunity: Lymphatic vessels, including lacteals, also play a role in immune surveillance. They transport immune cells and antigens from the digestive system to lymph nodes, contributing to the body’s defense against pathogens.

The presence of lacteals enhances the efficiency of nutrient absorption in the small intestine, particularly for substances that are not water-soluble, like fats.

Question 51

Spermatogonia:

Answer 51

→ perform the first meiosis

Question 52

The anatomical relationship of the right ureter

Answer 52

Iliac vessels: it descends along the medial side of the right common iliac artery and vein as it travels to the pelvis.
Right ureter passes posterior to the IVC as it descends, forming part of the retroperitoneal space.
Duodenum; first part of the duodenum is located near to the right ureter. The duodenum and the ureter share a close anatomical relationship in the retroperitoneal space.
Bladder: Ureteric orifice. Runs posterior and lateral to teh bladder before entering the posterior wall of the bladder.
Uterine artery in females: this artery descends towards to the bladder
Vas deferens: ureter runs posterior to the vascular deferens, which is part of the male reproductive system.

Question 53

The inguinal ligament

Answer 53

The inguinal ligament is a band of fibrous tissue that forms the inferior border of the inguinal canal, extending from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of the pelvic bone to the pubic tubercle. It is a crucial structure in the anatomy of the lower abdomen and plays a role in providing support to the inguinal region. Here are key points about the inguinal ligament:

1. Location: The inguinal ligament is located in the lower abdomen, running diagonally from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle.
2. Attachment Points:
   
   • Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS): The inguinal ligament originates from the ASIS, which is a bony prominence at the front of the pelvic bone.
   • Pubic Tubercle: The ligament terminates at the pubic tubercle, a bony projection on the pubic bone.
3. Structural Role: The inguinal ligament provides structural support to the inguinal canal, a passage through the abdominal wall. It helps to form the floor of the canal.
4. Borders Inguinal Canal: The inguinal canal is a passage that allows structures, such as the spermatic cord in males or the round ligament of the uterus in females, to pass from the abdominal cavity to the external genitalia. The inguinal ligament forms the inferior border of this canal.
5. Clinical Significance: In surgical procedures like hernia repairs, the inguinal ligament is often used as a landmark. Procedures involving the inguinal region, such as inguinal hernia repair, may involve manipulation or reinforcement of the inguinal ligament.

Understanding the anatomy of the inguinal ligament is important for surgeons, anatomists, and healthcare professionals involved in procedures and evaluations related to the lower abdominal and pelvic regions.

Question 54

Epicardium

Answer 54

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall.
Composed of CT, adipose, blood vessels, and lymphatics. Smooth protective surface. It is a serous membrane meaning it secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the heart to move within the pericardial sac.
Fucntion;
Providing smooth lubricated surface that reduces friction during heart contractions. Protecting underlying heart muscle and blood vessels. Facilitating nutrient and oxygen exchange between the coronary blood vessels and the myocardium.

Question 55

The anterior tibialis
2 origination point

Answer 55

Found in the anterior leg.
Dorsi flexion and inversion of the foot.
Originates from lateral condyle of the tibia and interosseous membrane of the tibia and inserted into medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal bone.
Innervated by peroneal nerve a branch of the common fibular nerve

Question 56

Lesions of the long thoracic nerve cause

Answer 56

Winged scapula

Question 57

Upper pole of the testicle
Tekrar bak

Answer 57

The upper pole of the testicle, also known as the superior pole, is one of the regions of the testicular structure. To provide a more detailed explanation:

1. Tunica Albuginea:
   
   • The outer covering of each testicle is called the tunica albuginea. It is a tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the entire testis, including the upper pole.
   • The tunica albuginea extends inward, forming septa that divide the testicle into lobules.
2. Lobules and Seminiferous Tubules:
   
   • Within each lobule, the tunica albuginea extends inward, creating a framework for the testicular tissue.
   • Seminiferous tubules, where sperm production occurs (spermatogenesis), are found within these lobules. Spermatogenesis involves the development and maturation of sperm cells.
3. Rete Testis:
   
   • At the upper pole, the seminiferous tubules converge and connect to the rete testis. The rete testis is a network of tubules that collects sperm produced in the seminiferous tubules.
4. Blood Supply and Vasculature:
   
   • The upper pole of the testicle, like the rest of the testis, is well-vascularized. Blood supply comes from the testicular artery.
   • The testicular artery branches within the testis to supply oxygen and nutrients to the seminiferous tubules.
5. Epididymis Connection:
   
   • At the upper pole, the rete testis connects to the epididymis, a coiled tube attached to the back of each testicle.
   • The epididymis is crucial for sperm maturation and storage before they are transported to the vas deferens during ejaculation.

Question 58

Where the left gonadal vein drains into

Answer 58

left renal vein

Question 59

Position of the left coronary artery

Answer 59

between pulmonary trunk and left atrium

Question 60

Composition of the uterine epithelium

Answer 60

The uterine epithelium, or endometrial lining, undergoes dynamic changes during the menstrual cycle to prepare for potential pregnancy. Here’s a brief overview of the main components:

1. Surface Epithelium: The outermost layer consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells. These cells may have microvilli on their apical surfaces.
2. Glandular Epithelium: The endometrium contains tubular glands that extend into the underlying stroma. These glands are lined with simple columnar epithelial cells.
3. Stromal Cells: The connective tissue or stroma between the glands is populated by stromal cells. The stroma provides support and contains blood vessels.
4. Blood Vessels: The endometrium is highly vascularized to support the potential implantation of a fertilized egg. The blood vessels play a crucial role in the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy.
5. Immune Cells: Immune cells are present in the uterine lining to help regulate the immune response and protect against infections.

The composition of the uterine epithelium undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle in response to hormonal fluctuations, with variations in thickness, vascularity, and glandular development. These changes are orchestrated to create an optimal environment for embryo implantation if fertilization occurs.

Question 61

Relations of the mesentery

Answer 61

duodeno-jejunal flexure(superiorly) ligament of treitz suspensory muscle of the duodenum is associated with duodenal-jejunal flexure.
Downstream— more mobile
Mesentery: double-layered fold of peritoneum(lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs). Mesentery supports and suspends the intestines within the abdominal cavity connecting them to them to the posterior abdominal wall.
Duodenojejunal flexure is associated with the mesentery of the small intestine, particularly the beginning of the jejunum. This mesentery contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics crucial for the vascularization and innervation of the small intestine.

Question 62

Only intra-synovial structure for the knee joint

Answer 62

medial and lateral menisci

Question 63

Only carpal bone out of the options to not be in proximal row

Answer 63

trapezium
Proximal row of the carpal bones:
Scaphoid-Lunate-Triquetrum-pisiform
Pisiform looks like a pee, and located palmar surface of the triquetrum.

Question 64

Innervation of the brachioradialis muscle

Answer 64

radial nerve
Brachioradialis muscle located in the lateral side of the forearm(thumb side)
Flexor of the forearm

Question 65

Borders of femoral ring

Answer 65

medial border: lacunar ligament
Anterior:medial part of the inguinal ligament
Lateral:femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath
Posterior:pectineal ligament overlying the pectineus muscle and its fascia covering the superior pubic ramus
Femoral ring is the site for crural hernia

Question 66

Which cells produce testosterone in the testicles

Answer 66

Leydig cells

Question 67

11. Hassall corpuscles (found in thymus) are formed by

Answer 67

epithelial cells-found in the medulla

Question 68

Innervation of the thenar muscles of the hand

Answer 68

Median nerve

Question 69

Structure and relations of the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 69

(directly inferior to pericardium.)
Structure: flat sheet like consisting collagen fibers. Central non-contractile portion of the diaphragm.
Relations: close proximity with the pericardium
Aortic and Esophageal hiatus which are the opening in the muscle.

Question 70

Size of bronchioles

Answer 70

Smallest windpipe 0.3-0.5mm or 0.5 to 1 mm

Question 71

Direction of the poles of the testicles

Answer 71

Superior and inferior

Question 72

which part of the ovary contacts the pelvic wall

Answer 72

Ovarian hilum or hilus
Hilum is where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels that enter and exit the ovary.

Question 73

what nerve innervates brachioradialis

Answer 73

Radial nerve

Question 74

which are the cells that cover the inside of the uterus

Answer 74

Endometrium 2 layers
Stratum functionale
Stratum basale
Simple columnar epithelial cells.

Question 75

The femoral ring:
a. anteriorly, the pectineal ligament is found
b. the inguinal ligament is found inferiorly to it
c. all the answers are true
d. lacunar ligament is found medially

Answer 75

D

medial border: lacunae ligament
Anterior:medial part of the inguinal ligament
Lateral:femoral vein within the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath
Posterior:pectineal ligament overlying the pectineus muscle and its fascia covering the superior pubic ramus

Question 76

The mammary vein arises from the confluence:

Answer 76

-internal Thoracic vein
-Axillary Veins

Question 77

The right colic arises from:

Answer 77

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 78

Koch’s triangle marks the location of…?

Answer 78

Atrioventricular node
Septal leaflet of the tricuspid, the coronary sinus and tendon of Todaro

Question 79

Which nerve passes in the guyon’s canal?

Answer 79

Ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve passes through Guyon’s canal, also known as the ulnar canal or ulnar tunnel. This canal is a narrow space on the palmar side of the wrist and is formed by the pisiform and hamate bones, as well as the connective tissue between them. The ulnar nerve travels through Guyon’s canal along with the ulnar artery. Guyon’s canal compression or injury can lead to ulnar nerve entrapment, resulting in symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the hand and fingers.

Question 80

The first rib
a. Is the place of insertion of the posterior scalene
b. has an anterior groove for the subclavian vein, and posteriorly to it the groove for subclavian artery

Answer 80

First rib:
Anterior and middle scalene muscle attachment not posterior.
Thoracic outlet
On the superior surface of the first rib there are 2 grooves;
Anterior groove- Subclavian artery
Posterior groove- subclavian vein

Question 81

7. In the esophageal-gastric junction:
   a. the stratified squamous end abruptly
   b. simple columnar epithilium begin
   c. all the answers are correct

Answer 81

In this junction stratified squamous epithelium ends and simple columnar starts.

Question 82

The 7th cervical vertebra
a. has elongated spinous process
b. has bifid spinous process
c. has articular surface on the transverse process
d. does not have transverse foramina

Answer 82

A it has a elongated spinous process
C4 has Bifid spinous process
Primary function of the transverse foramina is to provide a passageway for the vertebral arteries
C7 has a transverse foramen but there is no vessel inside.

Question 83

which is not correct about the seminiferous tubules

-the spermatogonia are found in the luminal zone
-lyding cells are found in the interstitial compartment
-its epithelium is stratified

Answer 83

A
Leydig cells are found in the interstitial compartment.
The epithelium of seminiferous tubules is stratified.
Spermatagonia are found in the basal compartment or near the basal laminate of the seminiferous tubules.
In the luminal zone or lumen of the seminiferous tubules more mature cells can be found.

Question 84

The upper pole of the testis
A- is not vascularized
B-gives attack to the gubernaculum testis
c. gives attack to the spermatic ligament
d. none of the answers are correct
e. the place of the mediastinum

Answer 84

Mediastinum is a central compartment in the thoracic cavity.
Upper pole of the testis is associated with the attachment of the gubernaculum

Question 85

the coronary sinus

Answer 85

-passes in the posterior atrioventricular groove- also known as the coronary sulcus
Posterior right atrium

Question 86

The fovea trinagularis and fovea oblunga are located in:

Answer 86

antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage

Question 87

Which muscles insert with a long tendon along the lateral thigh:

Answer 87

TFL tensor fasciae latae

Question 88

Which structure is in relationship with the abdominal region of the right ureter:
a. descending duodenum
b. abdominal aorta

Answer 88

Right abdominal ureter in relation with the following structures;
Lower pole of the right kidney, second part of the duodenum as the the ureter is retro-peritoneal at this level.

Question 89

An injury to the …… muscle lead to the winged scapula:
a. latissimus dorsi
b. trapezius
c. subscapularis
d. supraspinatus
e. serratus anterior

Answer 89

E

Question 90

Which muscle does NOT attach to the medial epicondyle:

1-palmaris longus
2-flexor carpi radialis
3-flexor carpi ulnaris
4-extensor carpi ulnaris

Answer 90

The extensor carpi ulnaris muscle attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (on the lateral side of the elbow) via its origin.
The muscle runs down the forearm and inserts into the base of the fifth metacarpal bone and the ulnar side of the carpals (specifically, the pisiform and triquetrum). This attachment allows the extensor carpi ulnaris to contribute to the extension and adduction of the wrist.

Question 91

ovary is in contact with the pelvic wall through the

Answer 91

Suspensory ligament

Question 92

juxtaglomerular apparatus:
A-is located in the vascular pole
B-is located in the urine pole
C-is found near the minor calyxes
D-none of the answers are correct
E-minimally protrudes within the Bowman’s capsule

Answer 92

A
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located in the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

Question 93

umbilical artery originates from the:

Answer 93

Internal iliac artery.

Question 94

thoracic duct:

A-passes in the aortic hiatus
B-at the level of the T8 is right to the respect of the aorta
C-drain in the inferior vena cava
D-has a thick wall

Answer 94

B- it more medially located than the aorta
It drains into the junction of the left subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein.
Thin wall
Thoracic duct crosses the diaphragm from the aortic hiatus at the level of the 12th rib.
So there are 2 right answers.

Question 95

quadratus lumborum

A-originate only from the iliac crest
B-originate from the iliac crest and the iliolumbar ligament
C-attach to the transverse process of the lowest 4 thoracic vertebrae
D-allows inspiration

Answer 95

A is wrong
B is correct
C is wrong because it attaches to the 12th thoracic vertebrae and first four lumbar vertebrae in the transverse processes.
It is a muscle of expiration

Question 96

urinary bladder in females is in relationship with:

A-the upper third of the anterior wall of the vagina
B-the middle third of the anterior wall of the vagina
C-the upper third of the posterior wall of the vagina
D-the middle third of the posterior wall of the vagina

Answer 96

A- anterior upper third of the vaginal wall

Question 97

which is true about the mesentery
a. arises from the duodenal-jejunal junction

Answer 97

The mesentery is a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place

Question 98

24. In which of the following cells are the multivesicular bodies found:

alverilar macrophages
type 2 pneumocytes
type 1 pneumocytes
Bronchiolar cells(Clara)
Brush cells

Answer 98

Type 2 pneumocytes

Question 99

Hassall corpuscles consists of:

macrophages
epithelial cells
lymphocytes
thymocytes
neutrophilic granulocytes

Answer 99

Concentric layers of epithelial cells found in eh thymus.

Question 100

Which muscle runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial tibial surface near the patella?

a. rectus femoris
b. semitendinosus
c. tensor fascia lata
d. sartorius
e. vastus lateralis

Answer 100

Sartorius. It is longest muscle in the body and most superficial of the thigh muscles.

a. rectus femoris(origin:anterior inferior iliac spine, insertion to the patella through the quadriceps tendon)4 muscles insert into the same tendon.
b. semitendinosus(located in the posterior thigh, origin:ischial tuberosity, medial tibia
c. tensor fascia lata (anterior iliac crest, IT band lateral tibia.)
d. sartorius
e. vastus lateralis(originated from greater trochanter of the femur, inserted into patellar tendon

Question 101

1. The left main bronchus, in comparison to the right one, is
   a. Longer and narrower
   b. Shorter and larger
   c. Longer but with the same diameter
   d. Longer and larger

Answer 101

Left bronchus is longer but narrower

Question 102

Borders of major pelvis
Greater pelvis or false pelvis

Answer 102

Anteriorly- abdominal wall between the iliac crests
Laterally- iliac wings-(iliac fossa)
Posteriorly- sacrum and vertebrae

Question 103

Joint between the sacrum and the ilium

Answer 103

The joint between the sacrum and the ilium is called the sacroiliac joint. It is a diarthrodial (freely movable) joint and plays a crucial role in connecting the axial skeleton (sacrum) with the appendicular skeleton (ilium). The sacroiliac joint is a synovial joint, but its movement is limited to a small amount of gliding and rotation. Ligaments surrounding the joint provide stability to support the weight transfer between the spine and the lower limbs.

Question 104

Origin of umbilical vein

Answer 104

Tekrar bak

Question 105

An injury in the Serratus anterior leads to

Answer 105

Winged scapula

Question 106

Lining of the uterus

Answer 106

Endometrium

Question 107

Urethra opening in women

Answer 107

External urethral orifice, between clitoris and vaginal opening.

Question 108

What is located between the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 108

Mitral or bicuspid valve.
Atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus. Left and right coronary arteries run in this groove.
Also coronary veins such as great cardiac vein located in this groove.

Question 109

Is the peritoneum an imaginary space?

Answer 109

No, the peritoneum is not an imaginary space; it is a real and important anatomical structure in the human body. The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. It consists of two layers:

1. Parietal Peritoneum: This layer lines the abdominal wall.
2. Visceral Peritoneum: This layer covers the abdominal organs.

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is known as the peritoneal cavity. This cavity contains a small amount of serous fluid, allowing the abdominal organs to move and slide against each other without friction during various physiological processes such as digestion and respiration.

The peritoneum is not imaginary but rather a tangible and crucial component of the abdominal anatomy, contributing to the protection and functioning of abdominal organs.

Question 110

Cremaster muscle

Answer 110

The cremaster muscle is a thin layer of skeletal muscle that is part of the male reproductive system. It is located within the spermatic cord and is an extension of the internal oblique muscle. The primary function of the cremaster muscle is to regulate the position of the testes in response to changes in temperature.

When the body is exposed to cold temperatures, the cremaster muscle contracts, pulling the testes closer to the body to help maintain an optimal temperature for sperm production. Conversely, in warmer temperatures, the muscle relaxes, allowing the testes to descend away from the body to avoid overheating.

The contraction and relaxation of the cremaster muscle contribute to the regulation of testicular temperature, which is crucial for sperm development and overall reproductive function.

Question 111

Ligamentum teres?

Answer 111

Round ligament of the liver: it is a remnant of the left umbilical vein in the liver.
The ligamentum teres hepatis runs within the free edge of falciform ligament which is a fold of peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. It extends from the umbilicus to the left lobe of the liver.

Question 112

1. Synergist muscle of biceps brachii

a. Triceps brachii
b. Brachialis muscle

Answer 112

Brachialis and brachioradialis

Question 113

In the red pulp of the spleen:

Answer 113

Together, the cords and sinusoids contribute to the functions of the red pulp, including blood filtration, removal of old red blood cells, storage of platelets, and certain aspects of immune response. The spleen plays a vital role in maintaining the quality of circulating blood and participating in immune surveillance.

Question 114

3. A lesion in which of the following muscles results in winged scapula:
   a. Serratus anterior
   b. Trapezius

Answer 114

Serratus anterior

Question 115

Mammary vein

Answer 115

Axillary vein

Question 116

Anteversion angle of the uterus

Answer 116

Angle formed between the long axis of the body of the uterus and the long axis of the cervix.
Anteversion indicates the forward or anterior tilt of an organ.
Uterus tilted towards to the bladder.
75-90º

Question 117

Pronator teres muscle

Answer 117

It is one of the muscle located in the anterior superficial compartment of the forearm.
The main action of pronator teres is the pronation of the forearm, while it also contributes to the flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Origin: it has 2 heads, one is originated from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, other head originated from the coronoid process of the ulna.
Insertion: lateral side of the radius
Innervation:Median nerve
Blood supply: Ulnar and radial arteries.
Turning a doorknob or using a screwdriver.

Question 118

Surfactant is produced by

Answer 118

Type 2 pneumocytes

Question 119

The right ureter at the abdominal level is in relationship with

Answer 119

Right abdominal ureter; lower pole of the kidney, second part of the duodenum as the ureter is retroperitoneal at this level.

Question 120

11. The mammary artery is a branch of
    a. Subclavian artery
    b. Common carotid artery

Answer 120

The mammary artery as known as the internal thoracic artery is a branch of subclavian artery.
It gives of branches known as the anterior intercostal arteries.

Question 121

12. The cervical trachea is NOT in relationship with:
    a. Recurrent laryngeal nerves
    b. Thyroid arteries
    c. Internal carotid arteries

Answer 121

C- internal carotid
Common carotid arteries give branch at the C4 level which is also the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
Trachea starts at the C6 level. The lowermost portion of the larynx also known as cricoid cartilage.

Question 122

13. The transverse mesocolon originates from

Answer 122

Posterior abdominal wall

Question 123

1. Which muscle is deeper to the biceps brachii:
   A-coracobrachialis
   B-brachialis
   C-deltoid
   D-triceps brachii

Answer 123

B brachialis
Origin; distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus.
Insertion ; coronoid process of the ulna and ulnar tuberosity

Question 124

2. Which muscle performs adduction of the thigh?
   -gracilis
   -sartorius
   -biceps femoris
   -rectus femoris
   -tensor fasciae latae

Answer 124

Gracilis

Question 125

3. What is wrong about the caecum:
   A-it’s 6-7 cm long
   B-it is devoid of longitudinal musculature
   C-when in the usual location it’s in posterior relation with the iliac muscle
   D-usually it’s entirely covered by peritoneum
   E-it is in relation with the ileum

Answer 125

All of them are correct?
Cecum is a blind ended pouch located in the most proximal part of the large intestine. Chyme from ileum drains into cecum. Cecum is about 6cm long and it is intraperitoneal. Closely related to appendix.

Cecum. It is entirely intraperitoneal. The ascending and descending colon are retroperitoneal. Upper third of the rectum is covered by the peritoneum on the anterior surface.

Question 126

Which muscle anterior to the adductor magnus

Answer 126

Pectineus and adductor longus.
The adductor magnus muscle is situated in the medial compartment of the thigh. A muscle that is located more anteriorly than the adductor magnus is the pectineus muscle. The pectineus is a flat, quadrangular muscle that lies at the upper and medial part of the thigh. It is one of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh and is considered a hip flexor and adductor.

Question 127

5. Wrong affirmation about the lymphatic vessels:
   -they have a blind origin
   -the transverse section is irregular
   -they contain a smooth muscle layer

Answer 127

They don’t contain smooth muscle cells.

Question 128

Dendritic cells of the epidermis?
A-Langerhans
B- follicular dendritic cells
C-macrophages
D-M cells
E-melanocytes

Answer 128

Langerhans. Particularly found in the stratum spinosum. They have a distinctive dendritic appearance with numerous processes extending from cell body.

Question 129

7. What does the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?
   -laryngeal mucosa
   -arytenoid muscles
   -lateral crico-arytenoid muscle
   -posterior crico-arytenoid muscle
   -posterior third of the tongue

Answer 129

Superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of vagus nerve(cranial nerve X) innervates cricothyroid muscles.
Arytenoid muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerves. Recurrent laryngeal nerves innervates all the muscles in the larynx except cricothyroid muscles.
Correct option= laryngeal mucosa

Question 130

8. To what do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
   -lesser horns of the hyoid bone
   -greater horns of hyoid bone
   -hyoid bone
   -epiglottis

Answer 130

Greater Cornu of the hyoid bone

Question 131

9. Which statement is wrong about the central tendon of the diaphragm?
   -it is bifoliate
   -has got a thick aponeurosis
   -it’s directly superior to the pericardium
   -it’s directly inferior to the pericardium

Answer 131

C
Central tendon located more inferiorly than the pericardium.

Question 132

10. With reference to the seminal colliculus, mark the wrong answer:
    -it is located in the prostatic urethra
    -has the utricle opening into the seminal vesicles bilaterally
    -it is present only in males
    -it is also called veru montanum
    -it has an anterior convexity that protrudes into the urethral lumen

Answer 132

B- Utricle is a single structure located in the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra.
Veru montanum(dag sirti) anteriorly protrudes urethral lumen.

Question 133

11. Which muscle is lateral to the palmaris longus?
    -flexor carpi radialis
    -flexor carpi ulnaris
    -pronator teres

Answer 133

Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus found in the anterior forearm in the superficial compartment. From medial to the lateral following:
Ulnaris-palmaris-radialis-pronator teres

Question 134

12. What is found between the portal vein and left renal vein:
    -Botallo’s duct
    -Arantius’ duct

Answer 134

Arantius duct
Botallo’s duct=Ductus arteriosus which connects pulmonary artery to the descending aorta.
Arantius Duct= also known as ductus venosus, fetal blood vessel that connects umbilical vein to the IVC bypassing liver.

Question 135

15. Which is false about the ovary:

-medially it’s in contact with the pelvic wall
-they are also called female gonads
-they have a flattened oval shape

Answer 135

Laterally it is in contact with the pelvic wall.

Question 136

Where does left suprarenal artery come from?

Answer 136

Inferior phrenic artery which is a branch of abdominal aorta.
Middle suprarenal artery can arise from the abdominal aorta or renal artery.

Question 137

16. The middle rectal artery originates from:
    -inferior cava artery
    -external iliac artery
    -internal iliac artery
    -common iliac artery
    -inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 137

Internal iliac artery.
Rectum primarily supported by inferior mesenteric artery which supplies upper 2/3
The middle rectal artery(a branch of internal iliac artery) supplies the middle portion.
Inferior rectal artery( a branch of internal pudendal artery artery) supplies the lower portion of the rectum.

Question 138

18. With reference to the urinary bladder, indicate the wrong answer:
    -the fully filled bladder does not protrude from the upper profile of the pubis
    -urachus is a commonly obliterated embryological remnant
    -ureteral meatuses have an oblique slit shape
    -collects urine from ureters
    -the vesical trigone always has a smooth surface

Answer 138

First option is wrong. Fully filled bladder protrude from the upper profile of the pubic symphysis.

Question 139

19. Which of these functions is not of the lymph node?
    -activate T lymphocytes
    -produce blood clotting factors
    -HEVs ensure the passage of lymphocytes from the bloodstream to the lymph node parenchyma
    -activate B lymphocytes
    -filter the lymph

Answer 139

Produce blood clotting factors is wrong about lymph nodes.

That’s correct. Lymph nodes are primarily involved in filtering lymph and facilitating immune responses, but they do not produce blood clotting factors. Blood clotting factors are primarily produced in the liver, specifically in hepatocytes (liver cells), and are released into the bloodstream.

Blood clotting factors are essential components of the coagulation cascade, a series of biochemical reactions that occur in response to injury to blood vessels. These factors play a crucial role in hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding, by forming blood clots to seal off damaged blood vessels and prevent excessive blood loss.

While lymph nodes do contain various types of immune cells, including lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, their primary function is related to the immune system rather than hemostasis or blood clotting. They are not involved in the production of blood clotting factors or the coagulation process.

Question 140

21. The gastroduodenal artery originates from:
    -the celiac trunk
    -the common hepatic artery
    -the superior mesenteric artery
    -the gastric artery

Answer 140

The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is a branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the pylorus of the stomach, superior part of the duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. It is located in the epigastric region of the abdomen, coursing behind the duodenum.
Common hepatic artery originates from celiac trunk.

Question 141

22. Which of the following statements is true?
    -the gastrocnemius is deep to the soleus
    -the semitendinosus is lateral to the biceps femoris
    -the semimembranosus is lateral to the biceps femoris
    -the adductor magnus is anterior to the adductor brevis
    -the adductor longus is anterior to the adductor magnus

Answer 141

Last option is correct. Adductor longus is anterior to the adductor magnus.
Adductor brevis located more anteriorly than the adductor magnus.
Semimebranous and semitendinosus found medially than the biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius located more superficial than soleus.

Question 142

23. The root of the mesentery:
    -relates to the spleen
    -originates from the duodeno-jejunal flexure
    -originates from the hepatic flexure
    -it has a vertical course from the subdiaphragmatic region to the pelvis
    -ends in the left iliac fossa

Answer 142

Root of mesentery, it extends from duodeno-jejunal flexure and ends in the ileocecal junction(junction between small and large intestine).

Question 143

24. Which of the following muscles is a lateral muscle of the posterior thigh?
    -adductor magnus
    -biceps femoris
    -semitendinosus
    -semimembranosus
    -sartorius

Answer 143

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus found more lateral and superficial than the semimebranous.
Pens anserinus: sartorius, Gracilis and semitendinosus. Found in the medial knee.
Muscles in the posterior thigh from medial to lateral;
Semimebranous-semitendinosus-biceps femoris

Question 144

25. The cervical vertebrae have ——-, which other vertebrae don’t have:
    -spinal foramen
    -transverse foramen
    -spinous processses
    -transverse processes
    -vertebral body

Answer 144

Transverse foramina

Question 145

26. The juxtaglomerular system:
    -does not protrude from the Bowmann’s capsule
    -it’s located at the level of the uriniferous pole
    - it’s located at the level of the vascular pole
    -it’s located at the apex of the renal papillae
    -opens in the collecting duct

Answer 145

The juxtaglomerular system is located at the level of the vascular pole. It consists of specialized cells located near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle (where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole exits the glomerulus) and along the afferent arteriole. These cells include juxtaglomerular cells (renin-secreting cells) and macula densa cells.

Question 146

Left adrenal vein flows into;
A-superior mesenteric vein
B-left renal vein
C-inferior vena cava
D-right renal vein
E-portal vein

Answer 146

B left renal vein

Question 147

The tricuspid valve
A-is closed during ventricular diastole
B-inserts into a cartilaginous ring
C-it flaps have two parietal surfaces
D-is connected to the anterior, posterior and septal papillary muscles via the tendon cords
E-has an orifice with circumference of 5-8 mm

Answer 147

B is correct
It is closed during the ventricular systole not diastole so option A is wrong
It inserts into a fibrous ring called annulus fibrosus, b is correct
Flaps have 1 atrial surface(parietal surface) or ventricular(septal surface) c is wrong
There are only anterior and posterior papillary muscles not septal
Circumference is about 20-25 mm

Question 148

The ureter is crossed by the testicular vein at the level of
A- its abdominal segment
B- it is not crossed by the testicular vein
C-pyelo-ureteral junction
D- common iliac vessels
E- its pelvic segment

Answer 148

The right and left testicular veins cross the corresponding ureters anteriorly at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. So its abdominal portion

Question 149

Intercostal muscles;
A-internal intercostals go from each rib to the rib below with oblique fibers directed backward
B-are arranged in two planes; internal and external
C-are arranged in two planes; superior and inferior
D-External intercostals fill the whole intercostal space
E-external intercostals are expiratory muscles

Answer 149

A
External Intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity help in the inspiration.
Whereas internal and innermost intercostal muscles lowers the ribs(expiration)

Question 150

The intertransverse muscles;
A-they contribute to the respiratory movements
B-can be found in the lumbar segment only
C-their action extends the column
D-belong to the deepest layer of the back muscles
E- are between each spinous processes and the inferior transverse processes

Answer 150

D

Question 151

Between the left branch of the portal vein adn the left hepatic vein is placed
A-Arantius duct
B- botallo’s duct
C-umbilical vein
D-umbilical artery
E-none of the answers are correct

Answer 151

Arantius duct also called ductus venosus

Question 152

The ovary has an indirect relationship with the wall of the small pelvis by means of:
A-its anterior margin only
B-its lateral surface
C-its tubal pole
D-the posterior margin only
E-its medial surface

Answer 152

B

Question 153

The villi are projections:
A-that not contain smooth muscle cells in the lamina propria
B- covered by a simple squamous epithelium
C-with lacteal vessels in the lamina propria
D-of mucosa and submucosa
E-contain tubular glands

Answer 153

C

Question 154

The inferior vena Cava
A-is formed by the confluence of the internal iliac veins
B-is formed by the confluence of the external iliac veins
C-is located to the right of the aorta
D-starts at the L2 level
E- is located to the left of the aorta.

Answer 154

5th lumbar vertebra not 2nd
Correct option is C

Question 155

A synergist muscle with the biceps brachii is the
A-teres minor
B-triceps brachii
C-pronator teres
D-brachialis
E-deltoid

Answer 155

D

Question 156

The transversus abdominis
A- attached to the 10,11,12 ribs
B-attached to the intermediate lip of the iliac crest
C-inserts into the pubic crest and pectineal line to form conjoint tendon
D-attached to the internal aspects of the first 6 costal cartilages
E-is the most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal muscles

Answer 156

E is wrong
It is attached to the costal cartilages if the 7-12 ribs so last six
With internal oblique they form a conjoint tendon to attach to the pubic crest
It is originated (2/3 of it) from medial lip of the iliac crest
B is correct

Question 157

The coronary sinus opens;
A-between the orifice of the IVC, the fossa ovalis and the vestibule of the AV opening
B-near the orifice of the SVC
C-in the left auricola
D-no answer is correct
E-in the right auricola

Answer 157

The correct answer is:

A - between the orifice of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the fossa ovalis, and the vestibule of the atrioventricular (AV) opening.

The coronary sinus is a vein located in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart. It collects most of the venous blood from the heart muscle and drains into the right atrium. Its opening is positioned between the orifice of the inferior vena cava (IVC), the fossa ovalis (which is a remnant of the foramen ovale), and the vestibule of the AV opening (the opening of the tricuspid valve).

Question 158

Which of the following muscles is attached to the calcaneous?
A-tibialis posterior
B-popliteus
C-peroneus longus
D-gastrocnemius
E-peroneus tertius

Answer 158

A

Question 159

The lower pole of the testicle:
A-is in contact with the appendix of the testicle
B-is nearby the head of the epididymis
C-is devoid of blood supply
D-corresponds to the hilum of the testicle
E-gives attach to the scrotal ligament

Answer 159

E
Appendix found in the upper lobe

Question 160

Which of the following statements about the Ito’s cell is correct?
A-located in the hepatic sinusoid
B-located in the space of Disse
C-specialized macrophages of the liver
D-most numerous cell of the hepatic parenchyma
E-belongs to the system of large granular cells

Answer 160

Also known as hepatic Stellate(looks like a star) cells, they found in the Disse spaces and their main function is extracellular matrix production and vitamin A storage in the lipid droplets.
Disse spaces= space between sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes.

Question 161

In the sternum;
A-the sixth incisura costalis is on the xyphoid process
B-the angulus sterni corresponds to the position of the first rib
C-the eight incisura costalis is at the connection between corpus and xiphoid process
D-the first incisura costalis is on the lateral margin of the manubrium
E-the first incisura costalis is on the superior margin of the manubrium.

Answer 161

D. Clavicle attach to the superior margin.
Incisura costalis= where each rib meats with the sternum. There are 7 incisura costalis in the breastbone first rib attached to the head or manubrium and other 6 attached to the sternum. Second rib is attached to the connection between manubrium and body of the sternum.

Question 162

The longissimus muscle;
A-has 3 parts; cervicis, thoracis and lumborum
B-has 2 parts with different origins and insertions
C-represents the intermediate column of the erector spinae muscle
D-represents the medial column of the erector spinae muscle
E-All its muscle fibers originate and insert on the column.

Answer 162

C.
The longissimus muscles are the central erector spinae muscles. They are also the thickest and the longest. The longissimus muscles are divided into three regional groups, similar to the spinalis muscles. These include, from superior to inferior:

Longissimus capitis muscle originates from the transverse processes of vertebrae C4-T5 and inserts into the mastoid process of temporal bone.
Longissimus colli muscle extends between the transverse processes of vertebrae T1-T5 and transverse processes of vertebrae C2-C6.
Longissimus thoracis muscle consists of thoracic and lumbar parts. The thoracic part travels from the L1-L5 vertebrae, sacrum and posterior iliac crest until the thoracic vertebrae and inferior six ribs. The lumbar part extends between the region surrounding the anteromedial aspect of ilium and L1-L5 vertebrae.

Question 163

Uterine body;
A-the functional layer remains unchanged during the menstrual cycle
B-the endometrial glands are compound branched tubular glands
C-none of the answers are correct
D-it is lined with the parietal peritoneum
E-the endometrial glands are lined by ciliated cells and secreting cells

Answer 163

C
Functional layer undergoes cyclic changes during cycle
They are simple tubular glands
The outer surface of the uterus is lined with peritoneum not inside of the uterus
Ciliated cells are not typically present in the uterus.

Question 164

What does tarsal tunnel contains?

Answer 164

1-Tibialis posterior
2-FHL
3-FDL
4-tibial nerve
5-posterior tibial artery and vein.

Question 165

The propulsion of the lymph occurs:
A- through skeletal muscle contractions
B-for the contractions of the smooth muscle of the lymphatic vessels.
C-all statements are correct
D-thanks to the diaphragmatic breathing
E-thanks to the general movement of the body

Answer 165

C

Question 166

In the pancreas, the centroacinar cells;
A-secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution
B-all statements are correct
C-they represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus
D-are weakly stained
E-are responsible to secretin hormone.

Answer 166

Centroacinar cells are spindle-shaped cells in the exocrine pancreas. They represent an extension of the intercalated duct into each pancreatic acinus.[1] These cells are commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete mucin.
The intercalated ducts take the bicarbonate to intralobular ducts which become lobular ducts. These lobular ducts finally converge to form the main pancreatic duct.[1]
They are stained poorly compared to the acinar cells.

Question 167

In the testicle;
A-sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubules
B- Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus
C-Sertoli cells have two large nuclei
D-none of the answers are correct
E-leydic cells are found within the tubules

Answer 167

Let’s evaluate each option:

A - Sertoli cells are located outside the seminiferous tubules: This statement is incorrect. Sertoli cells, also known as sustentacular cells, are located within the seminiferous tubules of the testis and provide structural support and nourishment to developing sperm cells.

B - Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus: This statement is generally correct. Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells, typically contain a single large nucleus. These cells are found in the interstitial tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules and are responsible for the production of testosterone.

C - Sertoli cells have two large nuclei: This statement is incorrect. Sertoli cells typically have a single large nucleus, not two. They are elongated cells located along the length of the seminiferous tubules and play essential roles in spermatogenesis.

D - None of the answers are correct: This statement is incorrect. Option B provides accurate information about Leydig cells having typically one large nucleus.

E - Leydig cells are found within the tubules: This statement is incorrect. Leydig cells are not found within the seminiferous tubules themselves but rather in the interstitial tissue surrounding the tubules.

Given the options provided, the correct statement is:

B - Leydig cells typically have only one large nucleus.

This option accurately describes the typical nuclear morphology of Leydig cells in the testis.

Question 168

What nerve innervates the brachioradialis muscle?

Answer 168

Radial nerve

Question 169

A renal lobe is;
A- consisting of the medullary rays and surrounding cortex
B- consisting of the renal(Malpighi) pyramid and the medullary rays of Ferrein
C-consisting of the renal (Malpighi) pyramid and the surrounding cortex
D-consisting of the cortex between the renal(malpighi)pyramid and capsule
E-bounded by the Interlobular arterioles

Answer 169

C

Question 170

Which one is correct about the thymic epithelial cells;
A-they present high functional heterogeneity
B-they play a key role in positive selection of the lymphocytes
C- one type of them is responsible for thymic barrier
D- all answers are correct
E-they have thin and numerous extensions

Answer 170

The correct answer is D - all answers are correct:

A - Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) indeed present high functional heterogeneity, as they perform various functions essential for the development and maturation of T lymphocytes within the thymus.

B - TECs play a key role in positive selection of the lymphocytes by presenting self-antigens to developing T cells, allowing only those T cells with appropriate T cell receptors to survive.

C - One type of TECs, known as cortical epithelial cells, forms the thymic barrier, which regulates the entry of blood-borne antigens into the thymus and helps maintain the immune privilege of the thymus.

E - TECs have thin and numerous extensions, which facilitate interactions with developing T cells and contribute to the complex microenvironment of the thymus.

So, all of the statements provided are correct regarding thymic epithelial cells.

Question 171

The rectum is
A-retroperitoneal
B-the terminal portion of the large intestine after the descending colon
C- a part without glands
D-the terminal portion of the large intestine before the anal canal
E- the portion with cuboidal epithelium

Answer 171

D is correct
Rectum is not completely retroperitoneal because superior 2/3 part are covered its peritoneum.
It lined with simple columnar epithelium. E is wrong
There are also mucous secreting glands in the rectum so option c is wrong.
Terminal part of the colon after sigmoid colon

Question 172

Pronator teres origins form the medial numeral supracondylar ridge and the ulnar tuberosity and inserts on the;
A-humerus
B-first metacarpal bone
C-scapula
D-radius
E-ulna

Answer 172

Lateral surface of the Radius

Question 173

The following muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot except which one?
A-extensor digitorum longus
B-tibialis posterior
C-tibialis anterior
D-peroneus tertius
E-extensor hallucis longus

Answer 173

Standing in the heel= dorsiflexion
B- tibialis posterior, which is a flexor muscle of the ankle.

Question 174

The internal mammal vein originated from the confluence of

Answer 174

The musculo-phrenic and superior epigastric veins

Question 175

After originating from the aorta, the left coronary artery runs between;
A- the pulmonary artery and the left atrium
B-the pulmonary artery and right atrium
C-between left and right atrium
D-the SVC and left atrium
E-SVC and right atrium

Answer 175

A

Question 176

The mitral valve;
A- its orifice is approximately circular
B-its orifice is connected with the pulmonary orifice
C-the anterior leaflet is continuous on the inflow aspect
D-the leaflets are supported with 3 papillary muscles

Answer 176

C

Question 177

Which cell types are present in the thymus?
A- all of them
B- epithelial
C-reticular
D-thymocytes
E-nurse cells

Answer 177

A

Question 178

The fovea triangular is and fovea oblong a are located in
A- the antero-lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage
B-antero-medial ‘’ ‘’
C-posterior arytenoid cartilage
D-anterior surface of the epiglottis
E-posterior surface of the epiglottis

Answer 178

A

Question 179

What is correct about the villi
A- all of them
B-are projections with a core of loose CT covered by simple columnar epithelium
C-contain in the lamina propria numerous fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages
D-present a lamina propria with lacteal vessels
E- are projections of the mucosa

Answer 179

A