past paper psyc Flashcards
What is personality?
A dynamic organization of characteristics.
Which approach to studying personality focuses on identifying universal principles that apply to everyone?
Nomothetic.
Who developed the psychoanalytic theory of personality?
Sigmund Freud.
According to psychoanalytic theory, what does the unconscious mind contain?
Thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness.
What did Neo-Feudian theories emphasize?
Social factors and interpersonal relationships.
Which behaviorist developed the theory of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner.
What does classical conditioning involve?
Learning through association.
What do humanistic theories emphasize?
Self-actualization and personal growth.
Which theory of personality focuses on identifying and measuring individual traits?
Trait theory.
What do the Big Five personality traits include?
Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.
What are the criteria for abnormality?
Statistical rarity, cultural relativity, personal distress.
Historically, what was mental illness often attributed to?
Supernatural causes.
What is the DSM-5 used for?
Diagnosing mental disorders.
How is depression characterized?
Persistent sadness and loss of interest or pleasure.
What do anxiety disorders include?
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
What may treatment of mental disorders involve?
Medication, psychotherapy, hospitalization.
What concepts are included in social psychology?
Obedience, conformity, attribution.
What does social influence refer to?
The impact of others on individual behavior.
What did obedience studies like the Milgram experiment explore?
The effects of authority on obedience.
What is conformity?
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
What does attribution involve?
Explaining the causes of one’s own and others’ behavior.
What are the stages of group development according to Tuckman?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.
What did Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment demonstrate?
The influence of group pressure on individual behavior.
What did Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment illustrate?
The impact of social roles on behavior.
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s structures of personality?
Consciousness.
According to Adler’s individual psychology, what is the driving force behind personality development?
Inferiority complex.
Who proposed the concept of collective unconscious?
Carl Jung.
Who first demonstrated classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is an example of positive reinforcement?
Giving a treat for completing a task.
Who proposed the hierarchy of needs theory?
Abraham Maslow.
What is associated with the concept of self-actualization?
Carl Rogers.
How are the Big Five personality traits typically assessed?
Self-report questionnaires.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
Ambition.
Why is statistical rarity one criterion used to define abnormality?
Rare behaviors are typically more socially acceptable.
What is exorcism historically associated with?
Spiritual or religious practices.
What does the DSM-5 stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
How is panic disorder characterized?
Sudden and repeated attacks of fear.
What does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) emphasize?
Identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
What does social influence refer to?
The ways in which individuals influence each other’s behavior.
What did obedience studies like the Milgram experiment shed light on?
The influence of authority on harmful behavior.
Conformity is:
b) Adjusting one’s behavior to match that of a group
Attribution involves:
d) All of the above
The stages of group development include:
a) Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment demonstrated:
b) The influence of group pressure on individual behavior
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment illustrated:
a) The impact of social roles on behavior
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s structures of personality?
d) Consciousness
According to Adler’s individual psychology, the driving force behind personality development is:
b) Inferiority complex
Who proposed the concept of collective unconscious?
b) Carl Jung
Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by:
a) Ivan Pavlov
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
c) Giving a treat for completing a task
Who proposed the hierarchy of needs theory?
b) Abraham Maslow
Who developed the concept of self-actualization?
c) Carl Rogers
The Big Five personality traits are measured using:
c) Self-report questionnaires
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
d) Ambition
Statistical rarity is one criterion used to define abnormality because:
b) Rare behaviors are typically more socially acceptable
Exorcism is historically associated with:
d) Spiritual or religious practices
The DSM-5 stands for:
b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
Panic disorder is characterized by:
c) Sudden and repeated attacks of fear
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) emphasizes:
b) Identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
Obedience studies like the Milgram experiment shed light on:
c) The influence of authority on harmful behavior
Conformity is:
b) Adjusting one’s behavior to match that of a group
Attribution involves:
d) All of the above
The stages of group development include:
a) Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment demonstrated:
b) The influence of group pressure on individual behavior
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment illustrated:
a) The impact of social roles on behavior
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s structures of personality?
d) Consciousness
According to Adler’s individual psychology, the driving force behind personality development is:
b) Inferiority complex
Who proposed the concept of collective unconscious?
b) Carl Jung
Classical conditioning was first demonstrated by:
a) Ivan Pavlov
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
c) Giving a treat for completing a task
Who proposed the hierarchy of needs theory?
b) Abraham Maslow
Who developed the concept of self-actualization?
c) Carl Rogers
The Big Five personality traits are measured using:
c) Self-report questionnaires
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
d) Ambition
Statistical rarity is one criterion used to define abnormality because:
b) Rare behaviors are typically more socially acceptable
Exorcism is historically associated with:
d) Spiritual or religious practices
The DSM-5 stands for:
b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition
Panic disorder is characterized by:
c) Sudden and repeated attacks of fear
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) emphasizes:
b) Identifying and challenging maladaptive thoughts and behaviors
Social influence refers to:
b) The ways in which individuals influence each other’s behavior
Obedience studies like the Milgram experiment shed light on:
c) The influence of authority on harmful behavior
Conformity is:
b) Adjusting one’s behavior to match that of a group
Attribution involves:
d) All of the above
The stages of group development include:
a) Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Solomon Asch’s conformity experiment demonstrated:
b) The influence of group pressure on individual behavior
Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment illustrated:
a) The impact of social roles on behavior
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud’s structures of personality?
d) Consciousness
According to Adler’s individual psychology, the driving force behind personality development is:
d) Self Actualization
According to Freud, which part of the personality operates on the pleasure principle?
a) Id
Who developed the concept of archetypes in personality?
b) Carl Jung
In behaviorism, learning occurs through:
a) Conditioning
The concept of self-efficacy is associated with:
c) Albert Bandura
Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of grief proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
d) Isolation
The bystander effect refers to:
b) The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help in the presence of others
Who conducted the famous Bobo doll experiment?
c) Albert Bandura
Which theory emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes in determining behavior?
c) Social cognitive theory
The concept of cognitive dissonance was proposed by:
a) Leon Festinger
In the context of group decision-making, groupthink refers to:
b) The tendency for group members to suppress dissenting viewpoints in favor of group harmony
Who conducted the famous obedience experiment known as the “shock” study?
b) Stanley Milgram
