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Physiology and Pharmacology Past Paper > Past Paper > Flashcards

Past Paper Flashcards

1
Q

Concerning Skeletal Muscle
1. Neuromuscular Transmission
The neurotransmitter released from motor nerves is
2. On arrival of a single action potential, motor nerves release a number of quanta of
transmitter approximately equal to
3. Transmitter release can be blocked by
4. Depolarization block of neuromuscular transmission is caused by
5. Neuromuscular block caused by a competitive antagonist can be overcome using

A

acetylcholine
100
botulinum toxin
suxamethonium
neostigmine

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2
Q

Concerning cardiac ventricular action potentials
1. The upstroke of the action potential is primarily determined by
2. Repolarization of the action potential is primarily determined by
3. L-type Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are blocked by
4. Voltage-gated K+ channels are blocked by
5. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are blocked by

A

Voltage gated Na+ Channels
Voltage gated K+ channels
Verapamil
Amiodarone
Tetodotoxin

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3
Q

Concerning contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle
Contraction of vascular smooth muscle is caused primarily by activation of the
following receptors on the smooth muscle membrane

A

alpha adrenoceptors

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4
Q

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is caused by activation of the following
receptors on the smooth muscle membrane

A

. beta adrenoceptors

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5
Q

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle is caused by release of the following from
endothelial cells

A

NO

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6
Q

Relaxation of gut smooth muscle is caused by activation of the following receptors
on the smooth muscle membrane

A

. alpha adrenoceptors

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7
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscle results from

A

activation of adenylyl cyclase producing cAMP

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8
Q

Concerning membrane transport mechanisms and membrane
permeability
The sodium-potassium ATP-ase transports the following number of sodium ions out
of the cell during each cycle of activity

A

3

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9
Q

At the same time the sodium-potassium ATP-ase transports the following number of
potassium ions into the cell

A

2

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10
Q

The sodium-calcium exchange transports the following number of calcium ions out
of the cell during each cycle

A

1

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11
Q

The sodium-calcium exchange transports the following number of sodium ions into
the cell during each cycle

A

3

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12
Q

Most cells in the body have a negative resting potential determined by a dominant
permeability to the following ion

A

K+

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13
Q

Concerning the concentrations of ions
The extracellular concentration of potassium ions (mM) is approximately

A

4

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14
Q

The extracellular concentration of sodium ions (mM) is approximately

A

140

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15
Q

The free concentration of calcium ions (M) in the cytosol is usually approximately

A

10-7

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16
Q

The extracellular bicarbonate concentration (mM) is approximately

A

25

17
Q

The intracellular concentration of potassium ions (mM) is approximately

A

140

18
Q

Concerning contraction of skeletal muscle
During contraction of skeletal muscle (figure above) the band which does not
shorten is the

A

A band

19
Q

The band that contains most myosin is the

A

A band

20
Q

The actin filaments are attached to

A

the Z lines

21
Q

Contraction is activated primarily by

A

a voltage-gated mechanism involving interaction between proteins in the
transverse tubule and ryanodine receptor calcium release channels in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum

22
Q

Contraction is activated by calcium binding to

A

Troponin C

23
Q

Concerning the action potential and the effect of drugs
Select one factor that can increase conduction velocity

A

Decrease membrane resistance

24
Q

Myelination increases conduction velocity because it

A

decreases membrane capacitance

25
Q

Select a drug that can suppress the generation of neuronal action potential by
blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

Lidocaine

26
Q

A clinical use of a voltage-gated Na+ channel blocker is

A

as a local anaesthetic

27
Q

Concerning the therapeutic use of drugs
Beta-2 adrenoceptor agonist

A

Asthma

28
Q

Cholinesterase inhibitors

A

myasthenia gravis

29
Q

Inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme

A

hypertension

30
Q

Voltage gated Na+ blocker

A

Cardiac dysrhythmia

31
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

. blocks vesicular release

32
Q

Concerning cardiac drugs
Propranolol is a/an

A

adrenoceptor antagonist

33
Q

Propranolol is used to treat

A

atrial tachycardia

34
Q

Atropine is a/an

A

anti-muscarinic agent

35
Q

Concerning calcium signalling and homeostasis in cells
Beta adrenergic receptors are coupled to the G-protein

A

Gs

36
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors modulate the concentration of the second messenger

A

cyclic AMP

37
Q

Cyclic AMP levels can be decreased by the enzyme

A

phosphodiesterase

38
Q

Cyclic AMP activates

A

protein kinase A

39
Q

Methylxanthines inhibit

A

phosphodiesterase

Physiology and Pharmacology Past Paper (1 decks)

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