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Biology: 15 - DNA and RNA > Past Mock Questions > Flashcards

Past Mock Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Distinguish between DNA profiling and genetic screening

DNA profile

A

DNA profiling is a method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person, which can then be used to compare with the DNA profile of another person

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2
Q

Distinguish between DNA profiling and genetic screening

Genetic screening

A

Genetic screening means testing DNA for the presence of absence of a particular gene or an altered gene

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3
Q

On what basis are DNA fragments separated by during gel electrophoresis

A

They are separated based on size

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4
Q

Why are DNA fragments stained after electrophoresis?

A

To make them more visible and easier to see

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5
Q

To which group of bases does Guanine belong to?

A

Purines

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6
Q

Name the type of bonding that exists between strands of the DNA double helix

A

Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What causes the double helix of DNA to unwind?

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

Explain the function of the enzyme RNA polymerase

A

Causes a sequence of RNA bases to join together to form messenger RNA i.e. it joins nucleotides together to form mRNA

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9
Q

In which part of the cell does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

In which part of the cell does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Why is it necessary for a protein to fold?

A

A protein only becomes functional once its folded into its correct shape

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12
Q

What group of biomolecules provide the nitrogen needed to make the nitrogenous bases contained in DNA?

A

Protein

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13
Q

Name one of the purine bases found in DNA

A

Adenine or guanine

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14
Q

In the DNA molecule what base does adenine bond to?

A

Thymine

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15
Q

In the DNA molecule what base does guanine bond to?

A

Cytosine

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16
Q

Explain the importance of complementary base bonding in DNA

A

The bonding between complementary base pairs hold two strands of DNA in a double helix shape

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17
Q

In RNA what does R stand for?

A

Ribose

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18
Q

Name the type of RNA molecule made during the process of transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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19
Q

In which structure of the cell does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

Describe the relationship between messenger RNA (mRNA) and the DNA molecule
(2)

A

The mRNA molecule has complementary bases to those on the DNA strand from which it was transcribed

Thymine is replaced with uracil on the mRNA molecule

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21
Q

What is the final step in protein formation which gives it it’s function?

A

The protein must be folded into it’s correct shape

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22
Q

Explain the importance of heredity to living organisms

2

A

Heredity is the passing on of features from parents to offspring by means of genes

Heredity is also called genetic inheritance

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23
Q

Explain the phrase gene expression

A

Gene expression is the way in which the genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make a protein

24
Q

Explain why it is important that the correct sequence of bases is maintained during DNA replication

A

If the correct sequence of bases is not maintained then the production of an incorrect amino acid will result

25
Q

Apart from the nucleus, name one other organelle where DNA may be found

A

Chloroplast

Mitochondrion

26
Q

Explain what is meant by junk DNA

A

Junk DNA or non-coding DNA is DNA that does not cause the production of a protein

27
Q

To which base does uracil bond?

A

Adenine

28
Q

Explain the difference between the terms genetic screening and genetic engineering
(Genetic screening)

A

This means testing DNA for the presence or absence of a particular gene or an altered gene

29
Q

Explain the difference between the terms genetic screening and genetic engineering
(genetic engineering)

A

Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation or alteration of genes

30
Q

Explain why it is necessary to break down the cell walls during DNA profiling

A

The cells are broken down to release their DNA

31
Q

During DNA profiling, how is the DNA cut into sections?

A

Using restriction enzymes

32
Q

Give an example of heredity

2

A

Humans inherit features such as number of fingers, the production of nails and the ability to form tears

Plants inherit features such as the number of petals, the colour of petals and the shape of leaves

33
Q

Name the five carbon sugar found in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

34
Q

Indicate any one way that RNA and DNA differ

1/3 differences

A

DNA

  • contains the sugar deoxyribose
  • bases are AT GC (thymine)
  • double stranded (double helix)

RNA

  • contains ribose
  • bases are AU GC (Uracil)
  • single-stranded
35
Q

Give one reason why a genetic screening may be carried out

2

A

To test for the present or absence of a specific gene i.e. the gene for albinism or cystic fibrosis

To test for the presence of abnormal or altered genes

36
Q

What does the m stand for in mRNA?

A

Messenger

37
Q

During protein synthesis, transcription occurs.

What organelle does the mRNA travel to when it leaves the nucleus?

A

Ribosome

38
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

3

39
Q

Name one other type of RNA other than mRNA that is involved in protein synthesis

A

tRNA - transfer RNA

40
Q

Where in the cell is tRNA located

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

Name one other type of RNA other than mRNA or tRNA

A

rRNA - ribosomal RNA

42
Q

Where in the cell is rRNA located?

A

Ribosome

43
Q

How does mRNA pass out of the nucleus?

A

Through nuclear pores

44
Q

How does mRNA attach itself to a ribosome?

A

The mRNA strand forms weak bonds with rRNA

45
Q

What does the letter t stand for in tRNA?

A

Transfer

46
Q

How does the tRNA know at exactly what position on the mRNA to deposit the amino acid it is carrying?

A

It binds with the complementary bases on mRNA

47
Q

Name the organelle where protein synthesis takes place

A

Ribosomes

48
Q

Explain the term triplet

2

A

Also called a codon

A sequence of three bases in DNA or RNA that act as a code for an amino acid

49
Q

State the role of triplets in protein synthesis

A

Each codon/triplet codes for an amino acid

50
Q

Describe the role played by mRNA in protein synthesis

6

A

mRNA is a complementary strand to the DNA

mRNA contains a start codon and a stop codon as well as many other codons specifying amino acids

The mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

The mRNA strand carries instructions for the production of a protein from DNA

The mRNA bond forms a weak bond with rRNA

tRNA will then bind with mRNA until the stop codon is reached

51
Q

Describe the role played by tRNA in protein synthesis

2

A

tRNA has a complementary anticodon to mRNA codon

tRNA carries an amino acid to the ribosome

52
Q

Name one component of a nucleotide other than a base pair

A

Sugar - deoxyribose

Phosphate

53
Q

Give a brief account of the stages involved in DNA profiling

4

A

DNA is released from cells

DNA is cut into fragments of different lengths using restriction enzymes

DNA fragments are separated according to size by electrophoresis

The patterns produced by the fragments are compared or analysed

54
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that causes the production of a protein

55
Q

Name the two purine bases

A

Guanine

Adenine

56
Q

Give an application of DNA profiling

A

Forensic science - identifying a suspect

Medicine- identifying the paternity or maternity of a person

Biology: 15 - DNA and RNA (12 decks)

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