Past And Present Energy Systems

Question 1

What are the two problems the world will continue to face if energy infrastructure is not scaled up.

Answer 1

1. Hundreds of millions of people will continue to lack access to sufficient energy
2. Fossil fuels will continue to dominate the energy system and drive climate change further.

Question 2

What does the world lack in terms of energy systems.

Answer 2

The world lacks a safe , low- carbon and cheap large scale energy infrastructure.

Question 3

What do we need to do to ensure that everyone has access to safe and clean energy ?

Answer 3

We need to understand energy consumption and its impacts around the world and how it has changed over time.

Question 4

What does the supplied energy in Sweden look like from 1970-2020

Answer 4

Biofuels, coal and coke, crude oil and petroleum products, natural gas,nuclear and other fuels,hydropower, wind and solar power .

Question 5

From 1970 to 2020 which energy sources are responsible for electricity production in Sweden.

Answer 5

Hydropower, wind power, solar power(very small percentage), nuclear power, industrial combined heat and power and combined heat and power.

Question 6

What combined power and heat system

Answer 6

This a system that utilizes a heat engine or power plant to produce bothe heat and electricity concurrently. This used in place of buying electricity from a secondary source and then burning fossils separately for heat . This process is efficient and minimizes energy losses. Involves the use of a steam boiler.

Question 7

Why did electricity use in Sweden rise in the 1980’s

Answer 7

This can be attributed to technological advancements and major electrification of cooking , heating and other processes.as well as population growth.

Question 8

What is industrial CHP(cogeneration)

Answer 8

It’s is the same as CHP but more focused towards energy intensive industries and districts. While CHP is more for commercial buildings like hospitals,schools.

Question 9

Electricity generation shares in Sweden since 1996

Answer 9

The electricity generation in Sweden has always been constantly dominated by hydropower, while wind power has gradually risen and has begun to occupy the same shares as hydropower but it was not always as dominant. The is a small share occupied by solar , industrial CHP and , thermal power, and gas turbines. A percentage of it also occupied by nuclear power and CHP not as big hydropower and wind but a tad bigger than solar and co.

Question 10

What does the final energy use in the transport sector in Sweden look like.

Answer 10

About 75% of it comes from petroleum products like diesel and gasoline . However in the last 15 years biofuel use has been increasing making it the second k
Largest used in the transport sector , with electricity (third) and natural gas occupying a small percentage.

No: the transport sector takes up about 94%of domestic road transport followed by rail travel and then shipping and then aviation.

Question 11

What does the final energy use in the industrial sector in Sweden look like.

Answer 11

In order of the largest sector :
Biofuels
Electricity
Coal and coke
Petroleum products
Natural gas
Other fuels
District heating

The pulp and paper industry takes up more than half of the energy in this sector. It is important to note that the use of fossil fuels such as such as natural gas , coal and coke etc. are decreasing but are still being extensively used in the iron and steel industry.

Question 12

What does the final energy use in the residential and service sector in Sweden look like.

Answer 12

Electricity
District heating
Biofuels
Petroleum products
Natural gas

Electricity and district heating take up more than 80% of the energy used in this sector.
In domestic homes electricity is the major energy carrier for heating. However in multiple residential homes district heating is the major energy carrier in heating.

Petroleum products can be used to heat but are found mainly in agriculture,forestry and construction.

Question 13

Why does household electricity prices in Sweden keep going up

Answer 13

This can be attributed to increasing fuel prices and taxes.

Question 14

What do you know about district heating in Sweden

Answer 14

District heating was initially produced in 1950,s when the thermal power plants were established however the share of district heating through cogeneration has been increase and is around 45% today.

Question 15

What are the district heating input energy.

Answer 15

In the early stages it was dominated by petroleum products, then other energy sources like biomass, heat pumps, waste heat,electric boilers, natural gas , coal and coke were introduced. Currently there dominated energy source is biomass, followed by other fuels , with an even share in waste heat and heat pumps . With coal &coke , natural gas and petroleum products taking a small portion

Question 16

How does the annual co2 emissions in Sweden look like?

Answer 16

They were relatively low until a massive peak occurred in the 1970’s when oil became abundant and its use was high . However due to outer use and demand the prices increased and there was a dip in emissions in 1980’s now the emissions are gradually reducing.

Question 17

In any graph a dip occurring in the 1920’s can be attributed to the Cold War and in the 2020 can be attributed to Covid 19. True or false

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The world,s population is now 8.1billion. True or false?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Over all the cumulative co2 emissions seem to be increasing . True or false

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Lead in Sweden

Answer 20

Lead was produced from the burning of fossil fuels like goal and leaded gasoline. These go up in the air and are deposits in two ways.
By Naturally reaching the surface of materials or by rain deposition.
It was much more prominent in the 1980’s and has reduced drastically since.

Question 21

What does the Swedish energy consumption look like from 1800- 2019

Answer 21

Biomass was used heavily in the beginning, then coal, then the adoption of hydropower, then oil ,gas , nuclear power and other energy sources.

Question 22

Energy transitions in Sweden

Answer 22

1800’s: biomass in the form of wood, coal and coke import rails started running, gas was used in house holds.
1900’s : electrification, central heating,hydropower ,oil import, nuclear energy and district heating.
2000: wind and solar

Question 23

What is the difference between central and district heating?

Answer 23

District heating is the heating of a whole district from a central point while central heating is the heating of an entire building from a central point ( less efficient because a lot of heat energy is lost through flues because of how simple the set up is compared district heating which costs more to set up and is much more complicated and equipped to minimize losses.)

Question 24

What do you know about energy use in Gothenburg.

Answer 24

The main energy source for sometime was wood .

However population began to increase drastically and has been on an upward trajectory since 1860.
Then the importation of coal was necessary to sustain the population . The coal was imported from other European countries by ship and then wood and coal was distributed by ship (major ) and rails. This distribution system determined whether you would have heat in your home . The coal and wood was used in the industrial and service sector , dosmetically for cooking and heating , at real way and Barbour’s and for shipping activities.

The use of the coal and wood in homes led to the increas in health complications like bronchitis and other lung related diseases. These however reduced when indoor ventilation was improved and cooking and heating equipments were also improved.

In the 1900’s homes were use in ha variety of fuels like coal , coke , wood , gas and kerosene

Question 25

What do you know about India?

Answer 25

Has a high population
Low GDP
Most of it energy comes from coal (primary energy source), oil , gas , nuclear energy, biomass, other renewables.

Most if it’s electricity production comes from coal(primary), oil,gas, biomass, nuclear energy, hydropower,solar, wind and biomass.

Recently India has increased its use of solar power taking it usage percentage above the entire world’s.

Question 26

Co2 emissions by fuel or industry type

Answer 26

In order of highest contributing:
Coal
Oil
Gas
Cement
Flaring(burning done at the extraction of oil)

India has a very high share of the worlds co2 emissions over 7% almost 8%.

Question 27

Why is access to electricity in India higher that access to clean cooking.

Answer 27

1. The amount of electricity produced may not be enough and may not be stable enough to support clean cooking
2. It may not be affordable to the average person .

Question 28

Is this statement true of false and why ? The air quality levels in India are very low.

Answer 28

True. This is indicated by the low number of clean air days that India has . Most of the cities have less than 300 days of clean air.

Question 29

Nigeria .

Answer 29

Nigeria has a high population as well.
Most of its energy supplied by coal, gas,oil,hydropower,solar,bio energy,other low carbon sources.

Question 30

Co2 emissions of Nigeria.

Answer 30

Oil(primary),gas,flaring,cement coal.

They have pretty high Co2 emissions in the million tones but relatively lower than India.

Question 31

Electricity production by source in Nigeria.

Answer 31

Gas(primarydominating), oil, hydropower(dominates after gas),coal,solar and bio energy.