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Passpaper Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of coma?

A 
hypoglycaemia
hyperuraemia
hypoxaemia
trauma
meningitis
opioid overdose
alcohol
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2
Q

What causes a fixed dilated pupil?

A

Compression of 3rd cranial nerve

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3
Q

4 features of brainstem death?

A 
No respiratory effort without ventilator
Fixed pupils unreactive to light
No corneal reflex
No cough reflex
No response to supra orbital pressure
Flat EEG
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4
Q

What screening for microvascular damage in diabetes?

A

Retinal Screening

Kidney - urine albumin and serum creatinine

Foot care screening - monofilament

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5
Q

What AD safe in breatfeeding?

A

paroxetine

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6
Q

Features to look out for on breast axam?

A

Axial lymph node involvement

Is lump tethered or movable from the skin

Nipple discharge
Erythema
Peau D’orange
Paget’s disease of the nipple

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7
Q

What artery supplied the superior and inferior vesical arteries?

A

Internal iliac

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8
Q

What lymph nodes should surgeron consider when removing bladder and prostate?

A

External Iliac

Obturator

Internal iliac (hypogastric)

Common Iliac nodes

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9
Q

Heart sound in pericarditis?

A

Pericardial rub

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10
Q

Constrictive pericarditis vs Tamponade?

A

ff

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11
Q

Two causes of floaters?

A 
Retinal Detachment
Posterior vitreous detachment
Eye Injury
Vitreous degeneration
Ageing
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12
Q

Investigations of retinal detachment? What would you see?

A

Fundus photography - Schaffer’s sign - thin beam of bright light without a lens and see fine pigment floating in the anterior vitreous

Opthamoscopy
USS - flying angel sign

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13
Q

3 defining features of a health economic evaluation?

A

cost of both services
benefits of both services
comparison of cost and benefit of the service and alternative service

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14
Q

What are two features comprising a QALY?

A

number of years

quality of life (utility)

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15
Q

What system do health economists use to evaluate disability?

A

DALYS - disability adjusted life years

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16
Q

Define healthcare economic efficiency?

A

getting maximum cost/health benefit outcomes from a service

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17
Q

What is the term when treatment is given elsewhere and benefit foregone other patients?

A

Opportunity cost

18
Q

What are the paraneoplastic changes seen in different lung cancer?s

A

Small cell - ADH, ACTH

Squamous cell - PTH

19
Q

Salter-harris classification?

A

hh

20
Q

How would you describe a fracture?

A 
complexity
type
location
comminution
displacment

mention - AP film

21
Q

3 methods of rate control?

3 methods of rhythm control?

A

i) beta-blocker, digoxin, diltiazem/verapimil

ii) amiodarone, flecanide, dc cardioversion

22
Q

What is the cause of ramsay-hunt? Where does it reside?

A

varicella zoster

geniculate ganglion

23
Q

What would it be if there was low PTH and high calcium?

A

Bony mets

Myeloma

24
Q

Complications of iron overload due to transfusion?

A 
Diabetes
Hypothyroid
Hypoparathyroid
Hypogonadism
Cardiomyopathy
Liver cirrhosis
25
Q

Investigations of beta-thalassaemia?

A

FBC - microcytic hypochromic anaemia

haemoglobin electrophoresis

26
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind anaphylaxis?

A

Type I hypersensitivity - IgE and mast cells

vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, bronchocoonstrictor

27
Q

RFs for bladder cancer?

A

smoking

aromatic amines in indistrial dyes

pelvic radiation

schistomiasis (squamous cell)

28
Q

2 groups of lymph nodes which drain bladder?

A

Obturator
External iliac
internal iliac
Common iliac

29
Q

Vesical arteries supply bladder? Where do these branch from?

A

Internal iliac arteries

superior vesical artery branches from umbilical artery whcih branches from internal iliac

30
Q

Differential diagnoses for breast lump?

A

Cancer

Fibroadenoma

Cysts

Fat necrosis

Intraductal papilloma

31
Q

3 features of malignant lump?

A

hard

painless

fixed to surrounding

nipple inversion

skin changes (peau d’orange)

irregular margins

bloody discharge

32
Q

Treatments for ER positive, HER2 +?

A

radiotherapy

tamoxifen (pre-menopause) anastrozole (post-menopause)

herceptin (trastuzumab)

33
Q

Complication with cancer, thirst confusion, constipation? treatment?

A

Hypercalcaemia due to bony mets

IV fluids

34
Q

Common site for bone marrow biopsy?

A

Post iliac crest

35
Q

genetic translocation for patients with CML? Name?

A

reciprocal translocation 9 and 22

philadelphia - causes increased tyrosine kinase activity. Thats why tyrosine kinase inhibitor!!! imatinib

36
Q

How can you identify philadelphia chromosome?

A

FISH

karyotyping

37
Q

Test cancer, invest?

A

test USS

38
Q

Incision for orchidectomy, where and why?

A

Inguinal incision = avoid seeding in the scrotum

Blood supply for scrotum and testical are different

39
Q

4 members present at MDT?

A

Radiologists

Surgeron

Oncologist

Specialist nurse

Pathologist

40
Q

Neutropenic sepsis? invest?

A

FBC, LFTs

Blood culture

CXR

urine culture

sputum culture

swabs of infected wounds

41
Q

4 symptoms make you concerned about spinal cord compression?

A

lower limb weakness

bladder dysfucntion

loss of bowel function

severe back pain

42
Q

Treatment for spinal cord compression?

A

Surgery to stabilise spine

Radiotherapy

Steroids

GU (6 decks)

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