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Physiology > Passive Transport > Flashcards

Passive Transport Flashcards

1
Q

membrane components in transport?

A

lipid bilayer

transmembrane transport proteins

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2
Q

nature of proteins

A

selective

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3
Q

types of transmembrane protein

A

carrier protein

channel protein

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4
Q

types of transport across cell membrane

A

passive transport

active transport

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5
Q

types of passive transport (3)

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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6
Q

types of simple diffusion

A

through lipid bilayer

through channel proteins

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7
Q

gradient of uncharged substances

A

diffusion gradient

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8
Q

gradient of charged substances

A

electrochemical gradient

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9
Q

define diffusion

A

random movement of molecules along the concentration gradient

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10
Q

rate of diffusion depends on

A

amount of substance
velocity
size and number of openings in membrane

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11
Q

diffusion across lipid bilayer is directly propotional to

A

lipid solubility of substances

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12
Q

substances which can easily pass through lipid bilayer

A

CO2
N2
02
alcohol

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13
Q

channel proteins are called

A

aquaporins

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14
Q

the aquaporins are made of

A

water channels

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15
Q

are they open throughout?

A

yes

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16
Q

which substances can pass through aquaporins?

A

water-soluble substances

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17
Q

size of substances

A

small

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18
Q

example of water-soluble substances passing through channel proteins?

A

electrolytes

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19
Q

distinguishable characteristics of channel proteins

A

selective permeability

gated channels

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20
Q

what is meant by selective permeability?

A

transport of specific ions by specific type of channel protein

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21
Q

selective permeability depends on certain characteristics of channel proteins

A

diameter and shape of pore
nature of electric charges
chemical bonds

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22
Q

the structure present over the pore (pore loop) is called

A

selectivity filter

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23
Q

which proteins and chemicals are present on POTASSIUM CHANNEL

A

tetrameric proteins

carbonyl oxygen on selectivity filter

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24
Q

which chemicals are present on SODIUM CHANNELS on inner surface

A

negatively charged amino acids

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25
Q

function of gated channels

A

control the permeability of ions

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26
Q

how the permeability is controlled?

A

conformational changes in the protein

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27
Q

types of gated channels

A

voltage-gated

ligand-gated

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28
Q

what is meant by voltage-gated channels?

A

electric potential across membrane causes the opening and closing of gates

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29
Q

what is meant by ligand-gated channels?

A

chemical substances bind to the channel protein

30
Q

when do Na gated channels open

A

inside of cell is less negative

31
Q

what is the purpose of the opening of Na channels?

A

elicit action potential

32
Q

when do K gated channels open?

A

when inside positive

33
Q

what do the K gated channel do?

A

terminate action potential

34
Q

three states of a gated channels

A

closed state
open state
intermittent opening and closing

35
Q

what measures ion-flow current through a single channel

A

patch-clamp method

36
Q

what does patch-clamp method determine?

A

transport characteristics

gating properties of proteins

37
Q

facilitated diffusion is

A

carrier-mediated transport

38
Q

why is facilitated diffusion different?

A

rate of diffusion is directly proportional to amount of substance added upto a certain value Vmax

39
Q

why is rate limited in facilitated diffusion?

A

because it can not exceed the rate at which gates change their states

40
Q

which proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion

A

carrier protein

41
Q

where does the substance bind to the protein?

A

binding receptor

42
Q

nature of the linkage of substance to the receptor

A

weak linkage

43
Q

what happens after binding of substance?

A

conformational change in the protein

opens to the opposite side

44
Q

example of ligand gated channels

A

acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptors

45
Q

purpose of acetylcholine

A

transmission of impulses from nerves to muscles

46
Q

example of facilitated diffusion

A

glucose

amino acids

47
Q

the glucose transporter is abbreviated as

A

GLUT

48
Q

GLUT can transport ________ along with glucose because of similar structure

A

fructose

galactose

49
Q

how can glucose transported increased 10 folds?

A

insulin activated GLUT 4

50
Q

define osmosis

A

diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane

51
Q

why net movement of water occurs?

A

concentration difference across the membrane

52
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to prevent osmosis

53
Q

what applies osmotic pressure?

A

solution with indiffusible particles

54
Q

the pressure difference across membrane when no osmosis occurs is called

A

osmotic pressure

55
Q

osmotic pressure is directly proportional to

A

molar concentration with reference to number of particles

56
Q

unit of molar concentration (number of particles)

A

osmole

57
Q

1 osmole =

A

1 g molecular weight

58
Q

for dissociable particles 1 gram molecular weight =

A

2 osmoles

59
Q

define osmolality

A

no of osmoles per kg of water

60
Q

greater osmolality means

A

greater osmotic pressure

61
Q

define osmolarity

A

no of osmoles per liter of water

62
Q

what defines the osmotic pressure?

osmolality or osmolarity

A

osmolality

63
Q

why is osmolarity calculated rather than osmolality?

A

easier to determine

64
Q

define reverse osmosis

A

movement of water against concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

65
Q

importance of reverse osmosis

A

water purification

66
Q

what is the external agent responsible for reverse osmosis?

A

pressure

67
Q

define filtration

A

diffusion across a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure

68
Q

pore size in glomeruli

A

smaller

69
Q

pore size in liver capillaries

A

larger

70
Q

why does the capillaries in liver have larger pores?

A

metabolism of substances

Physiology (2 decks)

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