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PT Board > Passive Care > Flashcards

Passive Care Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contraindications to ALL modalities?

A

Hemorrhage
Infection with suppuration
Malignancy (except TENS)
(HIM)

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2
Q

What are the contraindications to ALL heating?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Encapsulated swellings
Active TB
Decreased thermal sensations
Edema
Abdomen or low back during pregnancy
Acute conditions

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3
Q

What defines an acute injury?

A

Up to 72 hours

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4
Q

What defines a subacute injury?

A

Swelling is limited but debris and discoloration prevents healing

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5
Q

What is beneficial to a subacute injury?

A

Pumping

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6
Q

What defines a chronic injury?

A

2 weeks or longer than anticipated

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7
Q

What are the contraindications to ALL electrical? (8)

A

Brain
Eyes
Heart
Carotid sinus
Pacemaker
Anesthesia
Pregnancy- low back
Open wounds

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8
Q

Treatment for acute conditions…

A

Protect
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
Support

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9
Q

What modality is considered an ultra low frequency (<1) and used for cellular healing?

A

MENS (microamps)

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10
Q

What modalities are considered low frequency (1-150) and used for contraction?

A

EMS
HV
LVG
Sine
Faradic
Interference (IF &RS)
TENS (milliamps)

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11
Q

What modalities are considered medium frequency (1,000-10,000) and used for depth?

A

IF
RS

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12
Q

What modalities are considered high frequency (1 million Hz) and used for heating?

A

Superficial Heat: IR and UV
Deep Heat: MWD, SWD, and US

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13
Q

What setting on US is used to get deep into tissues?

A

1 MHz

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14
Q

What setting on US is used for superficial heating of tissues?

A

3 MHz

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15
Q

What is the purpose of low frequency modalities?

A

Fatigues, irritates, and rehabs muscle

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16
Q

When can you use pulsed US?

A

For acute conditions

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17
Q

Can you use continuous US for acute conditions?

A

NO

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18
Q

What type of modality is the best contractor that leaves no charge in the patient?

A

Sine

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19
Q

When would you use high volt?

A

When the patient has anesthesia or lost sensation

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20
Q

What does electrothermal treatment result in?

A

Micro-vibration electrically leads to heat= Joules Law

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21
Q

What is considered an electrochemical treatment?

A

Iontophoresis

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22
Q

What drug can be used with iontophoresis?

A

Opioids

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23
Q

What frequency of opioids leads to endorphins?

A

1-10

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24
Q

What frequency of opioids leads to enkephalins?

A

70-120

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25
Q

What electrical treatment results in a contraction via molecules shifting Na+/K+ pump?

A

Electrophysical

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26
Q

How many pads are used to isolate 1 muscle belly?

A

1

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27
Q

How many pads are used when the muscle is especially weak?

A

2, on either side of muscle belly

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28
Q

What is the pad rule?

A

1 mA per square inch of pad size
i.e) 3” square pad= 9mA

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29
Q

When is monopolar treatment used?

A

large area or trigger/acupuncture points

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30
Q

How many pads are used in monopolar treatment?

A

one large dispersal pad as the ground and several small active pads (active pads have to be less than the ground when added together)

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31
Q

When would you use bipolar treatment and how many pads?

A

A small muscle group

2 pads- dispersal and active pads are the same size

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32
Q

What is an example of quadripolar treatment?

A

Russian stem- criss cross pattern of pads

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33
Q

What duty cycle is used for exercise/rehab?

A

1:3

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34
Q

What duty cycle is used for fatigue/spasm?

A

1:1

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35
Q

What is continuous used for?

A

pain

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36
Q

What electrical test is used to test muscle best?

A

EMG

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37
Q

What electrical test is used to test nerve best?

A

NCV

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38
Q

What law states that the energy of modality has to be absorbed by the body to stimulate physiological response?

A

Arndt- Schultz Principle

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39
Q

What law states the inverse relationship between penetration and absorption of energy (US)

A

Law of Grotthus- Draper

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40
Q

What is the cycles of events with cryotherapy?

A

Vasoconstriction
Anesthesia
Pumping Reaction

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41
Q

What mnemonic is used to the timeline of cryotherapy?

A

CBAN (cold, burn, ache, numb)

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42
Q

What is the timeline for cryotherapy?

A

5 minutes- cold
10 minutes- burn
15 minutes- ache
20 minutes- numb

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43
Q

What happens after 20 minutes of cryotherapy? What happens if you leave the ice pack on too long?

A

Hunting- lewis Reaction aka pumping

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44
Q

What are the 4 types of heat transmission?

A

Convection
Radiation
Conversion
Conduction

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45
Q

What temperature is considered “hot”?

A

99-104

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46
Q

What type of heat transmission uses baths (either hot or cold) or infrared (IR)?

A

Convection

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47
Q

What type of heat transmission uses lamps?

A

Radiation

48
Q

What heat modalities are considered radiation?

A

MWD
IR
UV

49
Q

What type of heat transmission converts electrical energy into heat or mechanical energy?

A

Conversion

50
Q

What modality is considered conversion?

A

US

51
Q

What modality is considered reverse piezoelectric?

A

US

52
Q

What type of heat transmission transfers heat through substance , often heating up a solid?

A

Conduction

53
Q

What are the conduction modalities?

A

Ice
Hydrocollator
Paraffin
IR

54
Q

Effects of cold on circulation? (3)

A

Vasoconstriction
Decreased blood flow
Decreased edema

55
Q

Effects of heat on circulation? (3)

A

Vasodilation
increased blood flow
Increased edema

56
Q

How does cold effect metabolism?

A

Decreased

57
Q

How does heat effect metabolism?

A

Increased

58
Q

Effects of cold on connective tissue? (2)

A

Increased viscosity (thicker)
Decreased ability to stretch

59
Q

Effects of heat on connective tissue? (3)

A

Decreased viscosity
Increased ability to stretch
Decreased stiffness

60
Q

How does cold effect pain?

A

Decreased, after initial increase, numb

61
Q

How does heat effect pain?

A

Decreased, sedate

62
Q

Effects of cold on neuromuscular system? (3)

A

Decreased spasticity, trigger points, and MFS
Increased or decreased strength
Decreased motor skill tasks

63
Q

Effects of heat on neuromuscular system? (3)

A

Decreased muscle spasm, torticollis, tender points
Decreased muscle strength
Decreased endurance

64
Q

What heat modalities are considered deep?

A

MWD
SWD

65
Q

What modalities are considered superficial?

A

IR
UV

66
Q

What are the local primary effects of cryotherapy?

A

Decrease edema
Anesthesia
Increase pain tolerance

67
Q

What are the secondary effects of cryotherapy?

A

Increase viscosity of blood
Decrease cell metabolism
Increase joint stiffness

68
Q

What are the indications of cryotherapy? (6)

A

Headaches (migraine)
Urticaria (red wheals)
Spasticity (trigger points) MFS
Sprain/Strain
Angiomas
Warts and herpes

69
Q

What are the contraindications of cryotherapy? (7)

A

Elderly & infant
Hypersensitive to cold
Vascular diseases (Raynauds)
High blood pressure
Chilblains and frostbite
Tension headaches
Spasm FM

70
Q

What is the penetration of cryotherapy?

A

Superficial

71
Q

What is the dosage of cryotherapy?

A

20 minutes, each two waking hours

72
Q

What type of cryotherapy is considered convection?

A

Ice Immersion (ice bath)

73
Q

What is the time allowed for vapocoolant spray?

A

5

74
Q

What method are all forms of cryotherapy, except ice immersion, considered?

A

Conduction

75
Q

What does infrared therapy result in?

A

vasodilation, perspire, decreased BP, increased blood and lymph flow, decreased spasm, phagocytosis

erythema- redness/mottled skin
erythema Ab ignore- mottled skin in area habitually exposed or one prolonged exposure

76
Q

What are the indications of infrared?

A

Musculoskeletal- synovitis, tenosynovitis, sprains, strains, bursitis, arthritis, torticollis

Catarrhal- bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, coryza

Infectious- furuncles, burns, ulcers

Other- folliculitis, conjunctivitis, neuritis, bells palsy, raynauds

77
Q

What are the contraindications to infrared?

A

pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, thermal sensitivity, active TB, encapsulated swelling, over metal, fair skin, contacts, fever, recent scar, skin rash

78
Q

What are 3 types of short wave infrared?

A

Luminous
Wire bound around porcelain
Sunlight- Heliotherapy

79
Q

What is the distance of short wave infrared?

A

14-18 inches

80
Q

What is the penetration of short wave infrared?

A

10 mm

81
Q

What is the intensity of short wave infrared?

A

150-1500 Watts

82
Q

What is the wavelength of short wave infrared?

A

7200-15000 nm

83
Q

Frequency of short wave infrared?

A

high

84
Q

Time of short wave infrared?

A

10-30 min

85
Q

Distance of long wave infrared.

A

Direct contact with towel- layers

86
Q

Types of long wave infrared

A

Hydrocollator, heating pad, hot water bottle, baths, fluidotherapy

87
Q

Penetration of long wave infrared

A

1-3mm

88
Q

Intensity of long wave infrared

A

varies

89
Q

Wavelength of long wave infrared

A

15,000-150,000 nm

90
Q

Freq of long wave infrared

A

High

91
Q

What is the proper distance for a hydrocollator?

A

six towel layers

92
Q

Indications for hydrocollator

A

Tension headaches, prior to adjustments, fibromyalgia, spasm

93
Q

Contraindications to hydrocollator

A

acute conditions, recent scars, fair skin, myofascial syndrome (MFS), trigger points (TrP), decrease circulation

94
Q

Indications for a contrast bath.

A

Subacute CT injuries, bruises, early PVD’s, Raynaud’s, Buerger’s, DM

95
Q

Contraindications for contrast bath

A

Anesthesia, advanced arterial compromise, late PVD’s

96
Q

Key things to know about whirlpool

A

Vasodilator and for debridement (burns and abrasions)
100-105 degrees
20-30 min 2x per day
Contraindications: increased BP or vascular compromised

97
Q

Key things to know about sitz bath

A

105-115 degrees
2-10 minutes
Indications: hemorrhoids, cystitis, dysmenorrhea, coccydynia, prostatisis, post partum distress, constipation, urinary retention, sciatica
Contraindications: infertility

98
Q

Key things to know about paraffin bath

A

125-130 degrees
20 min
Dip 7-10 times, wrap 20 min. If cracks have to start over
Ratio 7:1 paraffin:mineral oil
Indications: chronic arthritis, hands, injured fingers
Contraindications: actor arthritis, vascular compromise

99
Q

Key things to know about fluidotherapy “dry whirlpool”

A

115-120 deg
15-20 min
Indications: chronic arthritis, amputee, strains, to increase ROM, RSDS aka CRPS, dystonia, open wounds
Contraindications: acute arthritis, vascular disease, skin infections, burns, young, old, implants

100
Q

Indications for cold laser

A

open lesions, decubitus ulcers, DM ulcers, lacerations, burns, acute and chronic pain, bursitis, tendinitis, decrease ROM, tic douloureux irritation, fibromyalgia, trigger points

101
Q

Contraindications for cold laser

A

tattoo, open growth plates, over the eyes, pregnant uterus, photosensitivity, medications, epilepsy, thick eschar, testicles, and regions of infections

102
Q

Dosage of cold laser

A

15-30 seconds over a wound

minutes to hours for pain (3-5 minutes)

103
Q

Define photophoresis.

A

chemical driven by light into treatment area

104
Q

Number one precaution for cold laser

A

Doctor and Patient MUST wear goggles

105
Q

Benefits of UV

A

Vasodilation, bactericidal, phototaxis

Increases vitamin D synthesis
Improves skin and muscle tone, elasticity, secretory functions

Stimulates metabolism

Increases reticulocytes

106
Q

Indications for UV

A

Skin conditions- fungal, herpes zoster, dermatological conditions, burns, psoriasis, carbuncles, wounds, decubitus ulcers

Bone- rickets, osteomalacia

107
Q

Contraindications for UV

A

HIM, vascular diseases, suppurative lesions, hemorrhage, tetracycline, SLE

108
Q

What is erythema related to in UV therapy?

A
  1. Patient sensitivity
  2. Intensity vs distance (Inverse square law)
  3. Angle of radiation
109
Q

Indications for SWD

A

Deep muscle, thoracic cavity, bronchitis, joints, PID, prostatis, sinusitis, neuritis, amenorrhea, otitis media

110
Q

Contraindications or SWD

A

Pregnancy, casts, metal, hearing aid, contacts, wet skin, ulcers, pace makers, advanced osteoporosis

111
Q

SWD heats _____ first.

A

fat

112
Q

Indications for MWD

A

deep muscle, joints, PID, prostatis, otitis externa, hip conditions, neuritis

113
Q

Contraindications for MWD

A

Same as SWD, sinusitis, metal, scars, wet skin, open epiphysis, otitis media

114
Q

MWD heats______ first

A

muscle

115
Q
A

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