Pass the PSA - Section 3

Question 1

Causes of Hypokalemia

Answer 1

DIRE

Diuretics - loop and thiazide
Inadequate food intake or intestinal loss (D/V)
Renal tubular acidosis
Endocrine - Cushings/Conn’s (too much aldosterone therefore salt intake and potassium loss)

Question 2

Causes of Hyperkalemia

Answer 2

DREAD

Diuretics - K sparing
Renal failure
Endocrine - Addisons
ACEi and artefact of sample (clotted blood)
DKA

Question 3

Causes of neutropenia

Answer 3

Clozapine
Carbimazole
Chemo/radio
Viral infection

Question 4

Causes of neutrophilia

Answer 4

Bacterial infection
Steroids
Tissue damage from - cancer or inflammation

Question 5

Lymphocytosis is caused by

Answer 5

Viral infection
Lymphoma
CLL

Question 6

Prerenal causes of AKI

Answer 6

Shock - including from dehydration, blood loss and sepsis)
Renal artery stenosis

Question 7

Renal causes of AKI

Answer 7

INTRINSIC

Ischemia - ATN
Nephrotoxic drugs - gentamicin
T
R
I
N
Syndromes - GN
Inflammation - Vasculitis
Cholesterol emboli