Pass med onc Flashcards
Most common tumours causing bone mets
prostate (most)
breast
lung
most common sites of mets
spine (most)
pelvis
ribs
skull
long bones
clinical fx of bone mets
bone pain
pathological fracturesb
blood tests of bone mets
raised ALP
hypercalcaemia
most common causes of cancer in UK
- Breast
- Lung
- Colorectal
- Prostate
- Bladder
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Melanoma
- Stomach
- Oesophagus
- Pancreas
most common causes of deaths from cancer in uk
- Lung
- Colorectal
- Breast
- Prostate
- Pancreas
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Bladder
- Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Ovarian
hepatocellular carcinoma carcinogen
aflatoxin (produced by aspergillus)
transitional cell carcinoma carcinogen
aniline dyes
mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma carcinogen
asbestos
oesophageal and gastric cancer carcinogen
nitrosamines
hepatic angiosarcoma carcinogen
vinyl chloride
cervical cancer most important risk fx
Human papilloma virus
subtypes carcinogenic cervical cancer
16, 18, 33
subtypes non cancerous cervical cancer
6 and 11
non cancerous condition associated for cervical cancer
genital warts
histological fx of cervical cancer
endocervical cells undergo changes resulting in koilocytes, which appear like:
- enlarged nucleus
- irregular nuclear membrane contour
- nucleus stained darker
- perinuclear halo
common s/e of chemo
N+V
risk factors for development of N+V from chemo
anxiety
age less than 50 years old
concurrent use of opioids
the type of chemotherapy used
N+V from chemo tx
low risk of sx - metoclopramide
high risk - ondansetron (esp if combined with dexamethasone)
cyclophosphamide indication
mx of cancer and autoimmune condition
cyclophosphamide s/e
haemorrhagic cystitis
myelosuppression
transitional cell carcinoma
cyclophosphamide mechanism
alkylating agent works by cross linking DNA
how reduce incidence of haemorrhagic cystitis in use of cyclophosphamide
Mesna:
2-mercaptoethane sulfonate Na binds to a metabolite of cyclophosphamide called acrolein which is toxic to urothelium…inactivating metabolite
bleomycin mechanism
degrades preformed DNA
bleomycin s/e
lung fibrosis
athracyclines (doxorubicin) mechanism
Stabilizes DNA-topoisomerase II complex inhibits DNA & RNA synthesis
doxorubicin s/e
cardiomyopathy
methotrexate mechanism
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthesis
methotrexate s/e
Myelosuppression, mucositis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis
flurouracil mechanism
Pyrimidine analogue inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by blocking thymidylate synthase (works during S phase)
fluorouracil s/e
Myelosuppression, mucositis, dermatitis
6-mercaptopurine mechanism
Purine analogue that is activated by HGPRTase, decreasing purine synthesis
6-mercaptopurine s/e
myelosuppression
cytarabine mechanism
Pyrimidine antagonist. Interferes with DNA synthesis specifically at the S-phase of the cell cycle and inhibits DNA polymerase
cytarabine s/e
myelosuppression, ataxia
vincristine mechanisms
inhibits formation of microtubules
vicristibine s/e
Vincristine: Peripheral neuropathy (reversible) , paralytic ileus
Vinblastine: myelosuppression
docetaxel mechanism
Prevents microtubule depolymerisation & disassembly, decreasing free tubulin
docetaxel s/e
neutropenia
irinotecan mechanism
inhibits topoisomerase I which prevents relaxation of supercoiled DNA
irinotecan s/e
myelosuppression
cisplatin mechanism
crosslinking of dna