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VIROLOGY > Parvoviruses > Flashcards

Parvoviruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parvoviruses?

A
  • Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV)
  • Feline panleukopenia virus
  • Porcine parvovirus (SMEDI)
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2
Q

What are the properties of parvoviruses?

A
  • Naked, icosahedral
  • ssDNA
  • replication occurs in NUCLEUS of DIVIDING cells=infection leads to large intranuclear inclusion bodies
  • VERY STABLE
  • *most hemagglutinate RBCs
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3
Q

Replication highlights

A
  • Transferrin receptor-virus complex
  • Use cellular DNA polymerase to make dsDNA form transcription of viral mRNAs by alternative splicing
  • Translation of non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2
    o Gene regulation
    o Arrest of cell in GI phase
  • Translation of capsid proteins VP1, VP2
  • Genome replication by complex ‘rolling hairpin’ scheme
  • *viruses assemble in nucleus and accumulation leads to lysis of cell
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4
Q

CPV myocarditis

A
  • in utero infection, weak at birth and then fade away after birth
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of parvoviruses?

A
  • SPIKES
  • Contain neutralizing epitopes
  • Host-range mutations
    o CPV and FPV differ only 3-4AA
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6
Q

What did the natural host-range shift and subsequent evolution of canine parvovirus result from?

A
  • Virus-specific binding to the canine transferrin receptor
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7
Q

Basics of carnivore parvovirus evolution

A
  • Big family with lots of mutation
  • Lots of potential for cross species infection
  • Not totally sure where it came from
  • *emerged and then evolution till CPV2, etc.
    o CPV-2 first described in Europe
    o Likely did NOT (directly) come from cats
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8
Q

Change: Where does CPV-2c fit into the picture?

A
  • *genotypes NOT serotypes
    o Why the feline panleukopenia virus could work for canine parvovirus
  • **CPV-2b: most commonly circulating in the world
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9
Q

Pathogenesis of carnivore parvoviral infections

A
  • Fecal-oral route: virus extremely stable (>6 months)
  • Access to lymphatic nodules in tonsils or gut (M-cells)
  • Replication
  • Viremia
  • Spread to intestine, lymphoid organs (heart, brain, fetus)
  • *4-14 days incubation period
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10
Q

Carnivore parvoviruses are extremely stable (>6 months)

A
  • Inactivated by 4% solution of bleach
  • Most ‘virucidal’ disinfectants not effective
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11
Q

Where does parvovirus grow?

A
  • In actively dividing (S phase) cells
    o NEED cellular DNA polymerase
  • Ex. crypt cells and Peyer’s patches
  • Ex. neonates in utero: cardiac myocytes (dogs), cerebellum (cats)
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12
Q

What is the sequelae of in utero or neonatal (<2 weeks old) infection of carnivorous parvovirus in kittens and puppies?

A
  • Kittens: hypermetria (due to cerebellar hypoplasia)
  • Puppies: heart failure
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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of postnatal infections of carnivorous parvovirus?

A
  • Depression
  • BLOODY diarrhea and vomiting
  • Fever
  • Leukopenia, neutropenia
  • Secondary bacterial infections
  • Dehydration, shock
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14
Q

Histology of carnivorous parvovirus?

A
  • Collapsed villi
  • Dilated crypts
  • Depleted Peyer’s patches
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15
Q

What does the response to infection of carnivorous parvovirus depend on?

A
  • Age of infection
  • Immune status of dog
  • Individual variation
  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Variation among virus strains
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16
Q

What are the various risk factors associated with parvo enteritis in dogs?

A
  • Season: 3x more likely in July-September
  • Breeds: Rottweilers, Dobermanss, Shepherds
  • Sex: intact dog=4x more likely
  • *VACCINATION: 13x more likely
17
Q

What are the most likely clinic-path findings of canine parvo enteritis?

A
  • Lethargy and vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Leukopenia
  • Neutropenia
  • Fever
18
Q

Vaccination for canine parvo

A
  • Very important to reduce risk of disease following infection
19
Q

How do we diagnose parvoviral enteritis?

A
  • Clinical signs and clinic-pathological parameters important but not sufficient
    o MANY causes of enteritis in dogs
    1. Capture ELISA: fecal suspension
    1. Electron microscopy: feces
    1. Virus isolation
    1. Hemagglutination: fecal suspension
20
Q

How does the sensitivity of capture ELISA and virus isolation (VI) compare?

A
  • VI is considerably more sensitivity
  • ELISA can have false negatives EARLY or LATE in infection
21
Q

Hemagglutination inhibition test

A
  • “protective” response
  • ‘dots’=virus is neutralized by antibody
22
Q

How can parvoviral infections be controlled?

A
  • Sanitation disinfection with appropriate disinfectant
  • Commonly used ‘core’ vaccines for dogs and cats (combination vaccines)
    o Attenuated (most) or inactive
23
Q

What are strategies for reducing/overcoming risk of maternal interference with vaccination?

A
  • Biweekly vaccinations
  • Low passage, high titre (‘hot’) vaccines
  • *overcome with mucosal vaccines=not overriding maternal Abs, just putting them where the maternal antibodies are NOT
24
Q

Canine monoclonal Ab for parvovirus?

A
  • Suggests it is very effective
  • NEWER
25
Q

Does the vaccine for CPV-2a work for CPV-2c?

A
  • Get pretty good cross-protection
  • Some data says including all types it is better
  • *don’t need to worry about which genotype you are using
26
Q

Diagnostic test and genotypes

A
  • Not an issue
27
Q

What are some factors that may be responsible for ‘re-emergence’? (FPLV)

A
  • Inadequate vaccination
  • Inadeqauate vaccines
  • ‘new virus’ (CPV2a, b, c)
28
Q

Can use a diagnostic kit for dogs to test for feline parvovirus?

A
  • can work for cats (due to them being so similar)
29
Q

Can you get false positives with PCR due to vaccination? (FPLV)

A
  • Yes
  • Is the test too sensitive?
30
Q

Can you use FPLV vaccine in dogs?

A
  • Variable response
  • Need higher dose
  • Shorter duration of immunity
  • Protective immunity for at least 6 months
    *does work, but not as well
    *Don’t repeatedly use: grown in cats cells, and many other materials are in there
31
Q

SEROTYPING IS USUALLY DONE WITH POLYCONAL ANTISERA IS A ‘BLUNT INSTRUMENT’: what is important to keep in mind?

A
  • Capsid proteins is made up of many epitopes=react with polyclonal typing antiserum
  • One or more epitopes can change w/o changing reaction with the typing antiserum…so different strains can have same serotype
    o Just changing one wont make it show up as different
    o If enough change (different serotype)=will detect a response
  • **CUT OFF is different for various viruses
32
Q

CPV infected cats

A
  • Might get dog virus causing disease in cat
  • *has the ability to infect them’
33
Q

What are the other parvoviruses of vet importance?

A
  • Porcine parvovirus
  • Rodent parvovirus
  • Aleutian mink disease virus
34
Q

Porcine parvovirus

A
  • Different receptor than canine parvovirus
  • *important prevalent cause of reproductive problems in swine (SMEDI)
  • DX by fecal analysis of fetal material
35
Q

Rodent parvoviruses

A
  • Common in lab rodent colonies
36
Q

Aleutian mink disease virus

A
  • Immune complex disease

VIROLOGY (12 decks)

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