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English As A Second Language > Parts Of Speech > Flashcards

Parts Of Speech Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an adjective?

A

Also known as describing words, they describe a quality, state our action that a noun refers to. They modify a noun or a phrase.

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2
Q

Mention 4 general adjectives rules:

A
  1. They can come before a noun: a new car.
  2. They can come after verbs: be, become, seem, look.
  3. They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car.
  4. They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive.
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3
Q

What is and adverb?

A

Is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a noun, a determiner, a numeral, a pronoun, or a prepositional phrase.
Sometimes can be used as a complement of a preposition.

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4
Q

How does an adverb is added to an adjective?

A
  1. Ending -l, -ly: carefully.
  2. Ending -y, -ily: luckily.
  3. Ending -ble, -bly: responsibly.
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5
Q

What is an adverb of manner?

A

They modify a verb to describe a way the action is done. Usually the adverb comes after the verb. Example: she did the work carefully.

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6
Q

What is an adverb of place?

A

They show where the action is done. Example: they travel locally.

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7
Q

What is an adverb of time?

A

They show when a action is done, the duration or the frequency. Example: he did it yesterday. They are permanently busy. She never does it.

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8
Q

What is an adverb of degree?

A

Increase or decreased the effect of the verb. Example: I completely agree with you.

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9
Q

How does and adverb modifies an adjective?

A

They precede the adjective, except for the adverb “enough” which comes after.
Example: that’s really good. It was terribly difficult. It wasn’t good enough.

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10
Q

How does and adverb modifies and adverb?

A

As with adjectives, the adverb come before the adverb except for enough. Example: she did it really well. He didn’t come last night, funnily enough.

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11
Q

How does and adverb modify a noun?

A

They modify them in time or place. Example: the concert tomorrow. The room upstairs.

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12
Q

What adverbs are use to modify noun phrases?

A

Quiet, rather, such, what. Examples:
We had quiet good time.
They’re such good friends.
What a day!

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13
Q

Examples of adverbs modifying determiner, unheralded and pronouns:

A

Almost, nearly, hardly, about. Examples:

Almost everybody came in the end.

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14
Q

Explain how do words can show “agreement”:

A

When words affects the form of one or more elements creating a grammatical relationship, they agree. For example: three girls. The noun is in plural, which is required by the number three.

When words are concord.

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15
Q

What is an article?

A

It is a word that comes before a noun and show that de noun is specific or general, and whether is singular or plural. The articles are A, AN, and THE.

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16
Q

What is a definite article?

A

THE. Because it refers to an specific noun. Example: “the girl”

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17
Q

What is an indefinite article?

A

A and AN. They refers to no particular noun. Example: “a girl”

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18
Q

What is a Zero Article?

A

When no article is used. For example:

Time is good.

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19
Q

What is an auxiliary verb?

A

They are verbs used in negative structure, a question or to show tense. The verbs used are: Do, Be, Have.

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20
Q

How does the verb DO is used as an auxiliary verb?

A

Do, don’t, does, doesn’t are used as questions or negatives in present, and in past as Did and didn’t.

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21
Q

How does the verb BE is used as an auxiliary verb?

A

It is used with present participle in continuous verbs, with the past participle in passive.

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22
Q

How does the verb HAVE is use as an auxiliary verb?

A

It is use in the past participle to form the perfect aspect.

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23
Q

What is a comparative?

A

It is the form of an adjective or adverb to compare two things. The -er termination is added to short adjectives, and “more” is use to longer ones. Examples:
The Nile is longer than de amazon.
Students find writing more difficult than reading.

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24
Q

What is a compound noun?

A

Is a word composed by two words which in turn form a different word. The words can be together or separate in the writing form. They can be made up by nouns, verbs, adverbs in multiple combination among them.
For example: Policeman, boyfriend, seafood, bedroom, motorcycle, software.

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25
Q

What is a conditional?

A

They are a tense to talk about possible or imaginary situations. They are 1st, 2nd, 3rd, zero, mixed conditionals.

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26
Q

Explain the 1st conditional:

A

If + Present simple + will: if I study I will pass the exams.
It is use for future actions dependents on the result of another action or event, where there are reasonable possibilities of the condition for the actions to be satisfied.

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27
Q

Explain the second conditional:

A

If + Past simple + Would + base form: If she ran faster, she would be on time.
Uses:
1. For future actions dependent on the result of another future action where there is only small possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied: If I won the lottery, I’d stop working.
2. For imaginary present action where the conditions of the action are not satisfied: If you called me more often, I’d tell you everything about my day.
3. To Be, the verb were can take all the persons in the clause IF: I they were me they would do the same.
4. Contractions: would is always follow by the base form. Had is always followed by a paste participle: I’d tell her. I’d done it.

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28
Q

Explain 3rd conditional:

A

If + Past perfect + Would + Past participle: If I hadn’t studied medicine, I would had been and architect.

For imaginary past actions, where the conditions of the actions where not satisfied.

29
Q

Explain zero conditional:

A

If + present simple + present simple: If you overcook the rice, it ruins it.

It is for actions that are always true when the conditions are satisfied.

30
Q

Mention the two mixed conditional:

A
  1. Third second mixed conditionals: If + Past perfect + would + base form
  2. Second third mixed conditionals: If+ Past simple + would + Past participle
31
Q

Mention the use of the Third second mixed conditional

A

It is used for actions that are not possible because actions in the past were not met: If you had called me yesterday, you would know about it.

32
Q

Mention the use of the Second third mixed conditional

A
  1. To refer that I could be you in a future occasion and avoid the illogically saying of “ If I had been you”: If I were you, I wouldn’t have done that.
  2. Where he first part is still true: If I could speak Spanish, I wouldn’t have needed a translator. (The person still can speak spanish).
33
Q

What are the other forms of conditionals?

A

1) If + will, +will: when trying to convince someone that you will do something in return for their doing something: If you’ll come here, I’ll make you pancakes.
2) Would+ If + would: to be polite, especially in writing: I would be very grateful if you would be so kind to sign the letters.

34
Q

Mention examples of conjunctions:

A

And, or, but, when, etc. They connect words, phrases and clauses.

35
Q

What are the coordinating conjunctions?

A

The join two items of equal importance. Like: for, and, but, or, nor, yet.

36
Q

What is a subordinating conjunction?

A

They introduced a dependent clause. Like: if, whether.

37
Q

What is a count noun?

A

It is a noun that has booth a singular and a plural form, the plurals are usually made by the addition of an -s. Other forms are: foot-> feet.

38
Q

Mention examples of uncountable or mass nouns:

A

Milk, water, butter, smoke, money.

39
Q

What is a demonstrative pronoun?

A

Words that substitute nouns when the nouns they replace can be understood form the context.

40
Q

Mention examples of demonstrative pronouns:

A

This: singular and near
That: singular and at a distance
These: plural and near
Those: plural and at a distance

41
Q

What is a determiner?

A

Words that are use with nouns and restricts the meaning by limiting the reference of the noun.

42
Q

Mention the different determiners:

A
  1. Article: a, an, the.
  2. Numeral: one, first, etc.
  3. Possessive adjective: my, yours, their…
  4. Quantifier: few, some, a lot…
  5. Demonstrative adjective: this, those…
43
Q

What is the direct object?

A

The direct object of a verb is created, affected or altered by the action of a verb, or appreciated or sensed by the subject of the verb.

Example: she shut the door (the door is directly affected by her)

44
Q

What is an indirect object?

A

The indirect object of a verb is not directly affected by the action, but can either receive the direct object or have the action done for them.

Example: she made dinner for him (dinner is the direct object, and him is the indirect)

45
Q

What is a gerund and how is it constructed?

A

It is a verb when it acts as a noun. The gerund can act as the subject or object of a main verb. They are used after a preposition, but no usually after “to”.

Example: studying is good for you.

46
Q

How it’s used the infinitive?

A

Usually occurs with the preposition “to”, except after an auxiliary or modal verb.

Examples: I had to go, I must go. I want to sing. To err is human. You don’t know her. You may come.

47
Q

What is an intransitive verb?

A

Is an action verb that does not take a direct object. They do not have a passive form. The action is done, but it is not done to anything or anyone else. Many verbs can be both transitive or intransitive, the verb to go is always intransitive. Examples:

I have to go.
They arrived.
He runs a corporation.
He runs around the block daily.

48
Q

What is a transitive verb?

A

It’s an action or linking verb that has a complement. It has a direct object. The action is done to something or someone.

He opened the door - transitive
The store is open - intransitive

49
Q

What is an irregular noun?

A

It is a noun that changes its spelling when it becomes plural, other than adding s o es. They are also noun as irregular plurals. Examples:

Larva - larvae
Focus - foci
Woman - women
Mouse - mice 
Diagnosis - diagnoses
Analysis - analyses
Foot - feet
Sheep - sheep
Fish - fish
Goose - geese
Aircraft - aircraft
Crisis - crises
Index - indices
50
Q

What is a mass noun?

A

It is a noun that has no plural form, often referring to a substance. They are also known as uncountable nouns. Examples:

Butter, smoke, water, money.

51
Q

What is an irregular verb?

A

A verb that doesn’t take the -Ed ending for the Past simple an Past participle. They fall into 5 categories depending on the conjugation of the tense being used. Examples:

Put, put, put.
Buy, bought, bought.
Awake, awoke, awoken.

52
Q

What is a modal verb?

A

It is a verb used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity. Examples:
Can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, dare, need, do.

The doctor can see you know - ability.
The doctor could see you next week - possibility
The doctor will see you tomorrow - affirmation
The doctor would like to see you - intention
A doctor shall see you immediately - necessity
The doctor should see you know - necessity
The doctor ought to see you know - suggestion
The doctor dared to treat the contagious patient - intention
The doctor need to see you know - necessity
The doctor do know the etiology of the disease - affirmationt

53
Q

What is a modifier?

A

They modify words by describing them or make the meaning of the word more specific. In English they can be de adjectives or the adverbs

54
Q

What is a noun?

A

It is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Can be the subject or object of the verb, they can be modify by an adjective, and can take an article or a determiner.

55
Q

What is the participle?

A

It is a tense that exist in the present and the past form. Both can be used as adjectives.

56
Q

How is used the present participle ?

A

It is used adding -info to the base form of the verb and can be used in:

  • continuous and progressive form: I’m leaving in 5 minutes
  • as an adjective: a dying man
57
Q

How is used the past participle?

A

It is form by adding -Ed to the base form of the verb if it is regular, and can be used in:

  • as an adjective: a colored wall, a tired group, etc.
  • present perfect with the auxiliary verb “have”: I’ve just arrived, they have flown, etc
  • to form the passive voice with the verb “be”: he was robbed, they were kidnaped, etc.
58
Q

What is the past tense? And which forms can it make?

A

It is one of the two general tenses used in English. It is used to talk about the past, hypotheses, or for politeness.

It can take the forms:

  • Simple: I worked.
  • Continuous: I was working.
  • Perfect: I had worked.
  • Perfect continuous: I had been working.
59
Q

What is the present tense? And mention the forms it can take

A

It is one of the two tenses in English. It is used to talk about the present and to talk about the future. Also, we can use it to talk about the past when telling a story, or when summarizing something we have read, seen or heard. It can take the next forms:

  • Simple: I work
  • Continuous: I am working
  • Perfect: I have worked
  • Perfect continuous: I have been working
60
Q

What is the perfect aspect?

A

It is a tense used to look back from a specific time and talk about things up to that time. It can take the next forms:

  • Present: I’ve worked in the company for 6 years.
  • Present continuous: I’ve been working in the same company for six years.
  • Past: In 2008 I had already worked in the food company.
  • Past continuous: I had been working in the company all day when the accident happened.
  • Will: by next year I will have worked in the company for six years.
61
Q

What is a phrased verb?

A

It is a verb with one or two particles that often they change the meaning of the verb. They can be separable or inseparable. When using a pronoun they must be separated. Examples:

  • I called Jen = to telephone
  • They have called off the meeting = to cancel
  • They have called the meeting off = separable
  • They have called it off = inseparable
62
Q

What is a possessive noun?

A

They show possession adding -s to singular nouns or -‘ to plural ones, and -‘s to irregular plural. The possessive can be used to avoid repeating words.
Examples: Michael drove his friend’s car. This is my parents’ house. Is that john’s car? No, it is Mary’s.

63
Q

What are the possessive adjectives?

A

They are used to show that something belongs to somebody, for relations and friends, and for parts of the body. The possessives are: my, your, his, her, its, their, our.

64
Q

What are possessive pronouns?

A

They are used to show something belongs to someone’s while using a pronoun instead of using a subject. They do not have an apostrophe. Possessive pronouns and nouns can be used after “of”:

Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs.

Susan is a friendo of mine.
I am a friend so Susan’s.

65
Q

How possessive questions are made?

A

We use “whose” to ask questions about possession.

Example: whose coat is this? Or, Whose is this coat?

66
Q

How are possessive reciprocal pronouns used?

A

When two or more people do the same thing, we can use the possessive forms of the reciprocal pronouns “each other’s” and “one another’s”.

Example: hey helped to look after each other’s children.

67
Q

What is a preposition?

A

It is a word that relates a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence.

68
Q

Explain what is a pronoun and how are they used:

A

A pronoun takes the place of a noun in a sentence. There are different types:

  1. Personal: I, you, he, she, it, they, us.
  2. Reflexive pronoun: Myself, yourself…
  3. Demonstrative: this, that, these, those.
  4. Possessive: mine, yours, hers…
  5. Interrogative: what, when, where, who…
  6. Negative: nothing, nobody…
  7. Reciprocal: one anther, each other.
  8. Relative clause: who, whose, which, that, whom.
  9. Quantifier: some, any, something, much, many, little…
  10. Indefinite: anyone, somebody, one, all…

English As A Second Language (1 decks)

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