Parts of a Cell (organelles) Flashcards
The structure of the cell wall is made up of what?
Phospholipids
What are the two components of the phospholipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
What is the function of the cell wall?
A barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and exits.
The cell wall is also known as what?
A plasma membrane (or cytoplasmic membrane)
What is the structure of cytoplasm?
It is a clear fluid inside the cell which is mostly composed of water and salt.
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is responsible for giving a cell its shape. It helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place.
What are two basic features of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
They both have a plasma membrane, also called a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
The cytoplasm is the site of many of these?
Cellular reactions
What is the structure of the nucleus of a cell?
Enclosing the nucleoplasm is the nuclear envelope, which is made up of two layers of membrane: an outer membrane and an inner membrane.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cellular functions and contains DNA
What type of cell has a nucleus?
Eukaryotic
What is the structure of the ribosome?
Small ribosomal subunits which read the MRNA to large subunits which join amino acids together forming polypeptide chains
Which cellular components do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share?
All cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. The plasma membrane, or cell membrane, is the phospholipid layer that surrounds the cell and protects it from the outside environment.
What is the function of the ribosome?
To create proteins.
Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
The ER serves multiple functions but of particular importance is the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins. Also plays a role in lipid production.
What makes the rough ER rough?
There are ribosomes attached which produce protein.
What is a main function of the smooth ER?
To produce lipids.
What is the structure of the Golgi complex (or apparatus)?
Flattened sacs that are not connected.
What is the function of the Golgi complex?
Modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for transport to their appropriate destinations.
What is the structure of the cilia?
Many short hairs
What is the structure of the flagellae?
One or two hairs
What is the function of the cilia and flagellae?
Cell movement and acquisition of food
True or false? Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have flagella and cilia.
True
What is the function of lysosomes?
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
What is the structure of a vacuole?
Vacuoles have a simple structure: they are surrounded by a thin membrane and filled with fluid and any molecules they take in.
Describe the structure of a lysosomes.
Lysosomes are round, membrane-bound organelles with a single outer lysosomal membrane. The membrane is impervious to the acidic contents of the lysosome. This protects the rest of the cell from the digestive enzymes inside the membrane.
What is the powerhouse of the cell?
The mitochondria
What is the structure of the mitochondria?
They are made of two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called the matrix.
How does the mitochondria create energy?
The mitochondria produces ATP using energy stored in food
Which substance in the chloroplast is responsible for plant photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
Describe the structure of the chloroplast.
The chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane with an empty intermediate space in between. Inside the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoids, called grana, as well as stroma, the dense fluid inside of the chloroplast.
What is the function of the chloroplast?
They store chlorophyll, the green pigments which traps sunlight creating energy.
Describe the structure of the cell wall (plants only).
Tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid.
What is the function of the cell wall (plants only)?
Provides support and protection, surrounds plasma membrane.
What is the cell wall made of?
Cellulose (in plants only)
What is the structure and function of the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm giving them shape and coherence.
What is a 3-D structure filling the cytoplasm?
The cytoskeleton
What is the function of centrioles?
They play a role in cell division.
Who named the cell? Why did he call it a cell?
Robert Hook. Viewed cork under a microscope and noticed the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery.
Who was the first person to view living microorganisms under a microscope?
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
Who claimed that all animals are made of cells?
Theodore Schwann
Who stated that all cells come from other cells?
Rudolf Virchow
What is the cell theory?
In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is the most significant difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a true nucleus but eukaryotic cells do.
What are organelles?
Small, specialized structures within a cell.
What is a nuclear envelope?
The pores regulate the passage of macromolecules like proteins and RNA, but permit free passage of water, ions, ATP and other small molecules.
What four things do all cells have?
Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes.
What makes cells unique?
Cell wall, presence of a nucleus, and number of organelles.
What is the appearance of a muscle cell?
Long, cylinder-shaped fibers that have striped appearance (striated), usually 2-3 nuclei per cell.
What are nerve cells?
They carry messages known as impulses from one part to another.
What are three types of nerve cells?
Motor, sensory, and interneurons.
Name two specialized projections of nerve cells.
Dendrites and axons
Specialized projection which brings information TO the cell body.
Dendrites (dendrites has a “t”)
Specialized projection which brings information AWAY from the cell body.
Axons (A for away)
What is the function of a root hair cells?
They are specialised cells (perform a specific function). whose structure allows the plant to absorb more water. They also allow a plant to take in the minerals it needs to survive.
What are guard cells?
Guard cells are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange.
Describe the structure of guard cells.
They are produced in pairs with a gap between them that forms a stomatal pore.
