Parts of a Cell Flashcards
A Cell
basic unit of life
Cytosol/ Intracellular Fluid / Cytoplasmic Matrix
Fluid within the cell
Organelles
microscopic structures that carry out function within the cell
Nucleus
contains DNA and regulates protein production
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
fluid outside of cells
- interstitial fluid: tissue fluid
Plasma
fluid within blood
contain ions, electrolytes, sugar, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
Lymph
fluid within lymphatic vessels
-carry fatty droplets and immune cells
Plasma Membrane / Plasmalemma
Selectively Permeable/ Semipermeable
regulates passage of molecules into / out of the cell
glyc
Glycocalyx
glycoproteins and glycolipids that coat the plasma membrane from self-recognition, and communication
- has phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterolFlu
Fluid Mosaic Model
PM is not static and contains phospholipids w. proteins embedded looks like a mosaic.
Lipids
bio(life)molecules that are hydrophobic /non polar
- afraid of water
Phospholipid Bilayer
two layers pf phospholipids w/ nonpolar tails directed inwards
phospholipid
lipid with a polar head and 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails
Cholesterol
helps stabilize the plasma membrane from temperature changesG
Glycolipids
phospholipids w. a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication
Protein (PM)
biomolecules made from amino acids w/ parts that are polar / hydrophilic and parts that are nonpolar / hydrophobic
Transmembrane / integral proteins
proteins embedded within the PM which could be channels or receptors
Channels
transports molecules to / from the cell depending on help to make the plasma selectively permeable
Receptors
binding site for molecules for signal transduction
communication within the cell; from outside the cell to inside the cell
Enzyme
catalyst to increase the rate of reaction
- break molecules quicker
intercellular connection
proteins attach to another protein form another cell forming a junction
Peripheral proteins
found on the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane which provides communication between proteins and can be enzymes
Glycoprotein
proteins w/ a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication
Microvilli
increases surface area of the cell usually for absorption
- come off the pm
- allows more surface area; to absorb more molecules into the cell
- curves up and down to increase the surface area of the cell
Simple diffusion
allows small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecules to pass through the PM easily from high to low concentration
- passive; No atp
Facilitated diffusion
larger, charged, water-soluble molecules require integral proteins to transport the, from high to low concentration
- channel transmembrane protein
Osmosis is
the diffusion of water from highwater concentration to low water concentration
Active transport
requires energy and moves from low to high concentration
- uses atp
breaks into inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi)
Endocytosis
large particles that can enter the cell by invagination of the PM forming a vesicle
Pinocytosis
cell drinking; pinching in fluid ie absorption in the intestine
Phagocytosis is
a cell eating; forming pseudopods around the particle and enclosing on it
ie; certain leukocytes to protect against pathogens; leukocytes take in bacteria or biruses in through phagocytosis
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
very specific in takin certain molecules within the cell by binding to the receptor
Exocytosis is
how materials move out of the cell, using vesicles to fuse w. the PM expellin its contents
Cytoplasm
region that contains all materials between nucleus and PM
Inclusions
temp. structure that stores cellular products, usually vesicles
- Triglycerides & Glycogen are energy nutrient storage used to break it down and make atp
Triglycerides
type of lipid; like fat that are stored in adipocytes
Glycogen
type of carbohydrate that is stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells to change glucose
Melanin
pigment found in skin, hair, eyes to protect the DNA within the nucleus form UV rays (the sun)
Organelles
microscopic structures that carry out function within cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
intracellular membrane network
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
continuous w. nuclear envelope and contains fixed ribosomes to synthesize protein to be:
- embedded in the PM
- digestive enzymes in lysosomes
- exported out of the cell (exocytosis)
Cisternae
interconnected channels that modify proteins and buds off RER as transport vesicles
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
lack ribosomes and is continuous w. RER
- synthesize, transport and stores lipids
- detoxifies alcohol and drugs
- stores calcium for muscle contraction
Golgi Apparatus / Complex
modifies, packages and sorts of proteins from RER
- forms lysosomes
Lysosomes
organelles formed by the Golgi app that contain enzymes from RER to digest waste products, macromolecules to smaller molecules and old organelles to
Peroxisomes
membrane enclosed sacs that are typically smaller than lysosomes, formed from the RER
- uses oxygen to detoxify harmful substances
-contains catalase which makes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
- detoxify alcohol and drugs
Mitochondria
organlle w. a copule membrane to produce ATP; contains its own circular DNA meaning it can produce its own proteins and replicate itself
Outer Membrane / Intermembrane Space
space between the membrane
Inner membrane Space
contains many proteins that undergo process to form ATP
Cristae
folds of the inner membrane to increase surface area
Matrix (Mitochondria
fluid filled with space within the inner membrane
Ribosomes
made of granules of protein and rRNA and is synthesized by the nucleolus to synthesize proteins
- makes proteins
Free Ribosomes
within cytosol that synthesizes protein by translation that are within the cell
Fixed Ribosomes
are bound on RER to synthesize protein by translation that will be – - embedded in the PM
- become enzymes of lysosomes
- exported out of the cell
Cytoskeleton
made of protein subunits and organized into filaments or tubes for cellular support, organization, and transport of material within cell
Microfilament
smallest cytoskeleton subunits made of actin to maintain cell shape, muscle contraction, and separation of cells during mitosis and meiosis
Intermediate Filaments
medium sized protein made of keratin to resist stress and stabilize junctions between cells
Microtubules
thickest cytoskeletal subunits made of tubulin holds organelles in place, maintain cell shape, and transport material within cells
- forms cilia and flagella and mitotic spindles from centrosome
Centrosome
spherical structure that produces microtubules
Centrioles
two centrioles perpendicular to each other made of nine sets of three microtubules
Cilia
Hair-like extension made of microtubules
- motile: propels objects
motile:
propels objects in one direction
Flagellum
Microtubules that are longer than cilia and found only in males sperm to propel sperm
Nucleus
control center of cell and contains DNA
- chromatinChr
Chromatin
decondensed DNA
Nuclear Envelope
double membrane continuous to cytoplasm
Nuclear Pores
regulated passagewaus to/from nucleus to cytoplasm
Nucleolus
where ribosomal subunits are formed and shipped out of nucleus to form into ribosomes
Deoxyrose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
biomolecules that contain genetic material of the cell
- chromatin; decondensed form of DNA
Chromosomes
condensed DNA and forms during mitosis/meiosis
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Sister Chromatids
duplicated chromosomes
Centromere
proteins that join sister chromatids together
Meiosis
cell division that produces gametes
- sex cells, sperm, and egg
- gets divided once then a secon time
cells contain 23 chromos each
-
Mitosis
one somatic body cell produces two identical daughter cells
- 46 chromos
Cell Cycle
interphase
mitosis/mitotic M phase
interphase
cell maintains normal metabolic activities and prepares for cell division
G1 Phase Gap 1
cells cont to grow and produces new organelles and prepares for DNA replication
- will halt DNA if DNA is damage
G0 phase G-zerp
cells that do not underfo cell cycles mostly neuronsS
S Phase
Synthesis
Dna Replication
G2 Phase Gap 2
repairs DNA errors and prepares for cell division
- centriole replication complete
Prophase
chromatic condenses into chromosomes (2 sister chromatids joined by centromere)
- Nucleus dissapears
- Nucleus dissipates
- centrioles moce to poles by spindle fibers
- extend from centrioles
Metaphase
chromosomes line at metaphase equatopal plate
spindel fibers attach at centromeresp
Anaphase
spindle fibers attached to the centromere start to pull and split the centromeres splitting the siter chromatids becoming daughter chromosomes that go to opposin poles
cytokenesis beigns at the end of anaphase forming cleavage furrow
