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Anatomy > Parts of a Cell > Flashcards

Parts of a Cell Flashcards

1
Q
A
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1
Q

A Cell

A

basic unit of life

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2
Q

Cytosol/ Intracellular Fluid / Cytoplasmic Matrix

A

Fluid within the cell

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3
Q

Organelles

A

microscopic structures that carry out function within the cell

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA and regulates protein production

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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cells
- interstitial fluid: tissue fluid

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6
Q

Plasma

A

fluid within blood
contain ions, electrolytes, sugar, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.

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7
Q

Lymph

A

fluid within lymphatic vessels
-carry fatty droplets and immune cells

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8
Q

Plasma Membrane / Plasmalemma

A
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9
Q

Selectively Permeable/ Semipermeable

A

regulates passage of molecules into / out of the cell
glyc

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10
Q

Glycocalyx

A

glycoproteins and glycolipids that coat the plasma membrane from self-recognition, and communication
- has phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterolFlu

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11
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

PM is not static and contains phospholipids w. proteins embedded looks like a mosaic.

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12
Q

Lipids

A

bio(life)molecules that are hydrophobic /non polar
- afraid of water

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13
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

two layers pf phospholipids w/ nonpolar tails directed inwards

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14
Q

phospholipid

A

lipid with a polar head and 2 nonpolar fatty acid tails

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

helps stabilize the plasma membrane from temperature changesG

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16
Q

Glycolipids

A

phospholipids w. a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication

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17
Q

Protein (PM)

A

biomolecules made from amino acids w/ parts that are polar / hydrophilic and parts that are nonpolar / hydrophobic

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18
Q

Transmembrane / integral proteins

A

proteins embedded within the PM which could be channels or receptors

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19
Q

Channels

A

transports molecules to / from the cell depending on help to make the plasma selectively permeable

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20
Q

Receptors

A

binding site for molecules for signal transduction
communication within the cell; from outside the cell to inside the cell

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

catalyst to increase the rate of reaction
- break molecules quicker

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22
Q

intercellular connection

A

proteins attach to another protein form another cell forming a junction

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23
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

found on the internal or external surface of the plasma membrane which provides communication between proteins and can be enzymes

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24
Q

Glycoprotein

A

proteins w/ a carbohydrate chain forming the glycocalyx for cell recognition and communication

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25
Q

Microvilli

A

increases surface area of the cell usually for absorption
- come off the pm
- allows more surface area; to absorb more molecules into the cell
- curves up and down to increase the surface area of the cell

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26
Q

Simple diffusion

A

allows small, uncharged, fat-soluble molecules to pass through the PM easily from high to low concentration
- passive; No atp

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27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

larger, charged, water-soluble molecules require integral proteins to transport the, from high to low concentration
- channel transmembrane protein

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28
Q

Osmosis is

A

the diffusion of water from highwater concentration to low water concentration

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29
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy and moves from low to high concentration
- uses atp
breaks into inorganic phosphate (ADP + Pi)

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30
Q

Endocytosis

A

large particles that can enter the cell by invagination of the PM forming a vesicle

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31
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking; pinching in fluid ie absorption in the intestine

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32
Q

Phagocytosis is

A

a cell eating; forming pseudopods around the particle and enclosing on it
ie; certain leukocytes to protect against pathogens; leukocytes take in bacteria or biruses in through phagocytosis

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33
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

very specific in takin certain molecules within the cell by binding to the receptor

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34
Q

Exocytosis is

A

how materials move out of the cell, using vesicles to fuse w. the PM expellin its contents

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

region that contains all materials between nucleus and PM

36
Q

Inclusions

A

temp. structure that stores cellular products, usually vesicles
- Triglycerides & Glycogen are energy nutrient storage used to break it down and make atp

37
Q

Triglycerides

A

type of lipid; like fat that are stored in adipocytes

38
Q

Glycogen

A

type of carbohydrate that is stored in liver and skeletal muscle cells to change glucose

39
Q

Melanin

A

pigment found in skin, hair, eyes to protect the DNA within the nucleus form UV rays (the sun)

40
Q

Organelles

A

microscopic structures that carry out function within cell

41
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

intracellular membrane network

42
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

continuous w. nuclear envelope and contains fixed ribosomes to synthesize protein to be:
- embedded in the PM
- digestive enzymes in lysosomes
- exported out of the cell (exocytosis)

43
Q

Cisternae

A

interconnected channels that modify proteins and buds off RER as transport vesicles

44
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

lack ribosomes and is continuous w. RER
- synthesize, transport and stores lipids
- detoxifies alcohol and drugs
- stores calcium for muscle contraction

45
Q

Golgi Apparatus / Complex

A

modifies, packages and sorts of proteins from RER
- forms lysosomes

46
Q

Lysosomes

A

organelles formed by the Golgi app that contain enzymes from RER to digest waste products, macromolecules to smaller molecules and old organelles to

47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

membrane enclosed sacs that are typically smaller than lysosomes, formed from the RER
- uses oxygen to detoxify harmful substances
-contains catalase which makes hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
- detoxify alcohol and drugs

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

organlle w. a copule membrane to produce ATP; contains its own circular DNA meaning it can produce its own proteins and replicate itself

49
Q

Outer Membrane / Intermembrane Space

A

space between the membrane

50
Q

Inner membrane Space

A

contains many proteins that undergo process to form ATP

51
Q

Cristae

A

folds of the inner membrane to increase surface area

52
Q

Matrix (Mitochondria

A

fluid filled with space within the inner membrane

53
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of granules of protein and rRNA and is synthesized by the nucleolus to synthesize proteins
- makes proteins

54
Q

Free Ribosomes

A

within cytosol that synthesizes protein by translation that are within the cell

55
Q

Fixed Ribosomes

A

are bound on RER to synthesize protein by translation that will be – - embedded in the PM
- become enzymes of lysosomes
- exported out of the cell

56
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of protein subunits and organized into filaments or tubes for cellular support, organization, and transport of material within cell

57
Q

Microfilament

A

smallest cytoskeleton subunits made of actin to maintain cell shape, muscle contraction, and separation of cells during mitosis and meiosis

58
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

medium sized protein made of keratin to resist stress and stabilize junctions between cells

59
Q

Microtubules

A

thickest cytoskeletal subunits made of tubulin holds organelles in place, maintain cell shape, and transport material within cells
- forms cilia and flagella and mitotic spindles from centrosome

60
Q

Centrosome

A

spherical structure that produces microtubules

61
Q

Centrioles

A

two centrioles perpendicular to each other made of nine sets of three microtubules

62
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like extension made of microtubules
- motile: propels objects

63
Q

motile:

A

propels objects in one direction

64
Q

Flagellum

A

Microtubules that are longer than cilia and found only in males sperm to propel sperm

65
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of cell and contains DNA
- chromatinChr

66
Q

Chromatin

A

decondensed DNA

67
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

double membrane continuous to cytoplasm

68
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

regulated passagewaus to/from nucleus to cytoplasm

69
Q

Nucleolus

A

where ribosomal subunits are formed and shipped out of nucleus to form into ribosomes

70
Q

Deoxyrose Nucleic Acid (DNA)

A

biomolecules that contain genetic material of the cell
- chromatin; decondensed form of DNA

71
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed DNA and forms during mitosis/meiosis
humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

72
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

duplicated chromosomes

73
Q

Centromere

A

proteins that join sister chromatids together

74
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division that produces gametes
- sex cells, sperm, and egg
- gets divided once then a secon time
cells contain 23 chromos each
-

74
Q

Mitosis

A

one somatic body cell produces two identical daughter cells
- 46 chromos

75
Q

Cell Cycle

A

interphase
mitosis/mitotic M phase

76
Q

interphase

A

cell maintains normal metabolic activities and prepares for cell division

76
Q

G1 Phase Gap 1

A

cells cont to grow and produces new organelles and prepares for DNA replication
- will halt DNA if DNA is damage

77
Q

G0 phase G-zerp

A

cells that do not underfo cell cycles mostly neuronsS

78
Q

S Phase

A

Synthesis
Dna Replication

79
Q

G2 Phase Gap 2

A

repairs DNA errors and prepares for cell division
- centriole replication complete

80
Q

Prophase

A

chromatic condenses into chromosomes (2 sister chromatids joined by centromere)
- Nucleus dissapears
- Nucleus dissipates
- centrioles moce to poles by spindle fibers
- extend from centrioles

81
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes line at metaphase equatopal plate
spindel fibers attach at centromeresp

82
Q

Anaphase

A

spindle fibers attached to the centromere start to pull and split the centromeres splitting the siter chromatids becoming daughter chromosomes that go to opposin poles
cytokenesis beigns at the end of anaphase forming cleavage furrow

83
Q
A

Anatomy (3 decks)

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