Parties to a crime

Question 1

Principal

Answer 1

Commits criminal act with requisite mens rea
or
Tricks or forces another (ie, innocent agent) to commit criminal act

==> Liable for resulting crime

Question 2

Accomplice

Answer 2

Aids or encourages principal **before or during **crime with intent that principal commit crime

==>. Liable to same extent as principal for…
1. the** crime for which the accomplice provided encouragement or assistance**
and
2.** other crimes committed by the principal that were a natural and probable consequence **of the accomplice’s conduct.

look out for aid provided AFTER crime commission ==> accessory after the fact

Mere presence at crime is insufficient

Mere knowledge that the principal intended to use a person’s aid—particularly aid involving the sale of goods or services—to commit a crime does not show that the person intentionally aided the principal. But such intent can be inferred when a seller provides highly specialized goods or services

Question 3

Accessory after the fact (separate crime)

Answer 3

Knows principal has committed felony & helps principal avoid arrest or conviction

==> liable for indep crime (not principal’s)

Not present at crime

Question 4

When does a conspiracy end/ withdrawal

Answer 4

The modern majority view of conspiracy is that the crime is complete at** the moment an overt act** in furtherance of the conspiracy has been completed.

At common law, the conspiracy is complete **as soon as the parties enter into the agreement. **