parties

Question 1

Question 2

5 ways of committing the AR

Question 3

aid:

Answer 3

• information
• tools
• acting as a lookout
• some sort of help; doesn’t need to be the whole offence

person doesn’t even know they are aiding.

Question 4

abetting:

Answer 4

during the offence:
- shouting words of encouragement
- presence not enough, unless that itself is encouragement

Question 5

counsel:

Answer 5

before the offence:
- encouragement

Question 6

procure:

Answer 6

causing it to be happen e.g., commissioning the principal to do the offence

Question 7

Joint enterprise (Jogee):

Answer 7

One of them goes and does crime A in addition to crime A which they did together. Are they both party to crime B as well?

Question 8

aiding, abetting and counselling is sometimes summarised as

Answer 8

assisting or encouraging

Question 9

Question 10

Question 11

Question 12

Question 13

Question 14

for assistance, withdrawal must take place before the act of assistance

Answer 14

this is because the mens rea for assistance is formed at the time of assistance

Question 15

sometimes communication is not necessary for withdrawal from what?

Answer 15

spontaneous violence