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Higher Physics > Particles And Waves > Flashcards

Particles And Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the standard model?

A

The discovery of fundamental particles found within protons and neutrons.

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2
Q

What are fundamental particles of protons and neutrons called?

A

Fundamental particles of protons and neutrons are called quarks.

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3
Q

What are the six ‘flavours’ of quarks?

A

Up down
Charm strange
Top bottom

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4
Q

Which flavours are the least massive?

A

Up and down are the least massive and therefore exist for a longer time.

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5
Q

Rule of quarks?

A

Only pairs or triplets of quarks can combine.

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6
Q

Meson?

A

A meson is made up of 2 quarks.

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7
Q

Baryon?

A

A baryon is made up of 3 quarks.

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8
Q

What else can quarks combine to make?

A

Quarks can also combine to form other particles called hadrons.

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9
Q

Mesons? (Tricky) (2)

A

Mesons can only be made from matter/ anti-matter combinations. Mesons are unstable and short lived.

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10
Q

Baryons? (Tricky) (2)

A

Baryons can be made from 3 matter quarks or 3 anti-matter quarks. Baryons are stable and long lived.

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11
Q

What family do protons and neutrons belong to?

A

Protons and neutrons belong to the BARYON family

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12
Q

What are protons made up of?

A

2 up quarks and 1 down quark.

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13
Q

What are neutrons made up of?

A

2 down quarks and 1 up quark

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14
Q

What charge do all neutrinos have?

A

All neutrinos have a charge of 0.

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15
Q

What charge do quarks have?

A

Up, charm, top = 2/3
Down, strange, bottom= -1/3
Electron, muon, tau= -1

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16
Q

What charge do anti-quarks have?

A

Up, charm, top= -2/3
Down, strange, bottom= 1/3
Electron, muon, tau=1

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17
Q

What family do Electrons belong to?

A

Electrons belong to the LEPTON family.

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18
Q

Name the six members of the Lepton family:

A 
Electron
Tau 
Muon 
Electron neutrino
Tau neutrino
Muon neutrino
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19
Q

What are fundamental forces responsible for?

A

Fundamental forces are responsible for the attraction or repulsion of matter.

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20
Q

Name the four fundamental forces from weakest to strongest:

A

Gravitation
Weak Nuclear
Electromagnetic
Strong Nuclear

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21
Q

Describe gravitation: (2)

A

Gravitation has infinite range and is only significant when large masses are involved.

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22
Q

What is weak nuclear associated with?

A

Weak nuclear is associated with Beta decay.

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23
Q

Describe electromagnetic force: (2)

A

Electromagnetic force has an infinite range and is associated with charged particles.

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24
Q

What family do fundamental forces belong to?

A

Fundamental forces belong to the BOSON family.

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25
Q

Name the Boson family: (5)

A 
Strong Nuclear = gluon 
Electromagnetic = photon
Weak Nuclear = W+, W- and Z
Gravitation = graviton 
Higgs force= H
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26
Q

What does the Higgs boson do?

A

The Higgs boson gives mass to other particles.

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27
Q

Explain how the large Hadron Collider led to the discovery of the Higgs Boson:

A

The Large Hadron Collider led to the discovery of the Higgs Boson as when they analysed the data into a graph a small bump was found that is believed to be the Higgs Boson.

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28
Q

What happens to the field lines when the force is stronger?

A

The closer the field lines the stronger the force.

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29
Q

Which way do the arrows on a radial field face?

A

The arrows on a radial field face in the direction of the flowing positive charge.

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30
Q

Which way do negative radial field arrows point?

A

Negative radial field arrows point inwards as the positive charge is flowing towards the negative

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31
Q

When does the strength of a radial field decrease?

A

The strength of a radial decreases as the distance from the charge increases.

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32
Q

Definition of a volt

A

If one joule of work is done in moving one coulomb of charge between two points in an electric field then the p.d between the two points is 1 volt.

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33
Q

What is work down equal to?

A

Work done is = to kinetic energy

34
Q

What charge is a cathode plate?

A

A cathode plate is negatively charged

35
Q

What hand do you use if moving charge is negative?

A

If moving charge is negative you use your right hand.

36
Q

What does the forefinger represent?

A

The fire finger represents the direction of the magnetic field.

37
Q

What does the second finger represent?

A

The second finger represents the direction electrons flow.

38
Q

What does the thumb represent?

A

The thumb represents the direction the wire will move

39
Q

Name a particle accelerator:

A

Cyclotron

40
Q

What did particle accelerators lead to the discovery of?

A

Particle accelerators led to the discovery of sub-atomic particles.

41
Q

What is an isotope? (2)

A

An isotope is different versions of the same atom. Different mass number therefore either less or more neutrons than original atom.

42
Q

What does isotopes decay result in?

A

Isotopes decay results in the emission of nuclear particles to form more stable isotopes of other elements.

43
Q

Two types of particle emitted by unstable isotopes:

A

Two particles emitted by unstable isotopes are alpha and beta particles

44
Q

Alpha decay?

A

Isotope emits 2 protons and 2 neutrons- equivalent of Helium nucleus.

45
Q

Beta decay?

A

A single electron is emitted.

46
Q

Atomic number?

A

Number of protons and neutrons

47
Q

Energy released equation:

A

E=mc^2

48
Q

What is Nuclear Fission?

A

Nuclear Fission is when a heavy unstable nucleus splits to form two elements with smaller masses

49
Q

Nuclear Fusion?

A

Nuclear Fusion is when two low mass nucleus form to produce a more massive nucleus.

50
Q

Constructive interference?

A

Two sets of waves meet in phase.

51
Q

Destructive interference?

A

Two sets of waves meeting completely out of phase i.e 180 degrees out of phase

52
Q

How are interference patterns explained?

A

Interference patterns are explained using path difference.

53
Q

What are coherence waves?

A

Waves with the same frequency and a constant phase difference.

54
Q

Maximum?

A

In phase

55
Q

Minimum?

A

Out of phase.

56
Q

When will the first minimum occur?

A

When n=0

57
Q

Maxima equation?

A

n lambda

58
Q

Minima equation?

A

(n+1/2) lambda

59
Q

How do you spread out an interference pattern? (3)

A

Increase wavelength of monochromatic light.

Increase number of slits.

Increase distance between screen and grating.

60
Q

Why are colours of the spectrum closer to the first maximum when exiting a prism?

A

Each colour has a different wavelength, violet has the shortest wavelength therefore it will be closest to the first maximum, each colour will appear at a slightly different position.

61
Q

What is refraction?

A

Refraction is when light enters a new material.

62
Q

3 observations of light as it enters a new material?

A

Light slows down as it enters a new material

The frequency of light does not change when it enters a new material

The wavelength of light decreases as it enters a new material

63
Q

What effect does the refractive index have on a ray of light?

A

The greater the refractive index the greater the effect of refraction on the ray of light.

64
Q

Which colour is refracted the most? (2)

A

Violet. Therefore violet has a greater refractive index than the colour red.

65
Q

Critical angle?

A

Angle of incidence that provides an angle of refraction of 90 degrees.

66
Q

Total internal reflection? (2)

A

Total internal reflection is when the refractive index is lower on the other side of the boundary and the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass through and is entirely reflected. At all angles greater than the critical angle the ray of light will obey the Law of Reflection and will not be refracted out of the block.

67
Q

What does the irradiance equation imply?

A

The irradiance equation implies a beam with a smaller cross-sectional area will have a larger irradiance.

68
Q

Irradiance Inverse square equation?

A

I1d1=I2d2

69
Q

What is photoelectric emission?

A

Photoelectric emission is when electromagnetic radiation above a certain frequency strikes a surface, electrons are emitted from the surface. These electrons are known as photoelectrons.

70
Q

Explain demonstration of photoelectric emission:

A

Photoelectric emission can be demonstrated using a negatively charged electroscope. When the zinc plate is irradiated with white light the gold leaf is not affected as the frequency of the radiation is not high enough. However using ultraviolet light causes the gold leaf to fall as the frequency of the radiation is above the threshold frequency.

71
Q

What did Bohr state about the model of an Atom? (4)

A

Electrons have different energies in different orbits.
There is a minimum number of electrons for each orbit.
Electrons occupy the lowest energy levels closest to the nucleus.
Electrons can move between levels but cannot stop between them.

72
Q

What does E0 stand for?

A

E0= ground state

73
Q

What is the state of an electron at any other level besides ground state?

A

Electrons at any other level is referred to as an excited state.

74
Q

What is the most excited state? (2)

A

The most excited state is called the ionisation level. The ionisation level is the highest level.

75
Q

What energy value do electrons in the ionisation level have?

A

Electrons in the ionisation level have an energy value of 0J. All other levels are below this level therefore they have negative energy values.

76
Q

What happens when an excited electron moves to a lower energy level? (2)

A

When an excited electron moves to a lower energy level a photon of energy is released. The photon of energy will equal to the energy difference between those levels.

77
Q

Spectrum of sunlight?

A

Spectrum of sunlight equals an absorption spectrum.

78
Q

Absorption spectrum? (2)

A

The absorption of energy by gases. Dark lines are produced which resemble the absorbed frequencies.

79
Q

Out of E2 to E0 OR E2 to E1 which has a higher frequency?

A

E2 to E0 produces photons of a higher frequency.

80
Q

Out of E2 to E0 OR E2 to E1 which has a longer wavelength?

A

E2 to E1 produces photons with a longer wavelength.

Higher Physics (3 decks)

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