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CHS Higher Physics > Particles and Waves > Flashcards

Particles and Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Key area: The standard model

How many quarks make up a proton or a neutron?

A

Three

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2
Q

Key area: The standard model

As a particle undergoes beta decay, what is emitted in addition to a beta particle?

A

A neutrino

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3
Q

Key area: The standard model

How do anti-matter particles compare to matter particles?

A

Anti-matter particles have the same properties as matter particles but with opposite charge.

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4
Q

Key area: The standard model

What are particles made of a quark/anti-quark pair known as?

A

Mesons

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5
Q

Key area: The standard model

Protons and neutrons belong to which group of particles?

A

Baryons

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6
Q

Key area: The standard model

When quarks are combined to make mesons or baryons, what must be true about the resultant charge of these combinations?

A

The resultant charge must be an integer number.

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7
Q

Key area: The standard model

Which group of particles do electrons and neutrinos belong to?

A

Leptons

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8
Q

Key area: The standard model

State the four forces associated with the interaction of matter.

A
  • The weak nuclear force
  • The strong nuclear force
  • Electromagnetism
  • Gravitation
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9
Q

Key area: The standard model

The force-mediating particles belong to which group of particles?

A

Bosons (force-mediating particles are known as ‘gauge bosons’.)

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10
Q

Key area: The standard model

Name the different force-mediating particles.

A
  • Photons
  • W & Z bosons
  • Gluons
  • Gravitons (predicted)
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11
Q

Key area: The standard model

Name the different force-mediating particles in order of strength from highest to lowest.

A
  • Gluons
  • Photons
  • W & Z bosons
  • Gravitons (predicted)
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12
Q

Key area: The standard model

Name the different fermions (matter particles).

A
  • Quarks (6 types)
  • Leptons (electron, muon and tau together with their neutrinos)
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13
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

What does a charged particle experience in an electric field?

A

A force

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14
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

If an electron is placed half way between two charged parallel plates, which way will the electron move and why?

A

Towards the positive plate due to attraction between the negatively charged electron and this plate.

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15
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Using the relationship

Ew = QV, define 1V.

A

1V is where 1J of energy is given to 1C of charge in the circuit.

(Rearrange Ew = QV to V = Ew/Q to help with this)

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16
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Using the relationship

Ew = QV, define 6.2V.

A

6.2V is where 6.2J of energy is given to each coulomb of charge in the circuit.

(Rearrange Ew = QV to V = Ew/Q to help with this)

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17
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Given the charge on a particle and the potential difference between two plates, how is it possible to calculate the speed of that particle having travelled from one side to the other.

A

Calculate the work done in moving the charge to one side then use this figure as Ek in Ek = ½mv2.

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18
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

What will exist round a current carrying conductor?

A

A magnetic field.

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19
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

When determining the force applied to a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field, is the right or left hand rule applied when considering the flow of negative charge?

A

Right hand rule.

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20
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Why is more energy required to accelerate a proton than an electron?

A

The proton has more mass than the electron.

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21
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Explain what particle accelerators are designed to do.

A

Particle accelerators are used to accelerate charged particles to high speeds to collide these particles against each other.

Once a collision takes place, the results can be analysed by detectors.

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22
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

What is the purpose of magnets in a particle accelerator?

A

Magnets are used to make particles follow a specific path in the particle accelerator and also to ensure that collisions occur.

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23
Q

Key area: Nuclear reactions

During a reaction, the total mass of the reactants is greater than the total mass of the products. Why is this the case?

A

Mass is lost as energy during the reaction.

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24
Q

Key area: Nuclear reactions

What is the process of splitting large mass atoms to smaller mass atoms known as?

A

Fission

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25
Q

Key area: Nuclear reactions

What is the process of joining small mass atoms to larger mass atoms known as?

A

Fusion

26
Q

Key area: Nuclear reactions

What is the problem with containing a fusion reaction?

A

Extremely high temperatures make containment challenging.

27
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

What effect was shown to support the particulate model of light?

A

The photoelectric effect.

28
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

If two photons, one of green light and one of UV light, are incident on a zinc surface, which will cause photoemission and why?

A

The UV light as it has higher frequency, therefore greater energy (E = hf)

29
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

In the photoelectric effect, what is the threshold frequency (f0)?

A

The minimum frequency of a photon required to cause photoemission from a material.

30
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

In the photoelectric effect, what is the work function (hf0)?

A

The minimum energy of a photon required to cause photoemission from a material.

31
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

If a photon of energy

  1. 78 x 10-19J is incident on a surface with work function of
  2. 50 x 10-19J, what happens to the remaining energy?
A

The remaining energy becomes kinetic energy in the ejected photoelectron.

32
Q

Key area: Wave particle duality

If the wavelength of a photon is supplied, what must be done to determine the energy of that photon?

A

Use the general wave equation,

v = f x lambda to find the frequency and then use this frequency in E = hf.

33
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Describe the electric field lines between two parallel plates.

A
34
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Describe the electric field lines around a negative point charge.

A
35
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Describe the electric field lines around a positive point charge.

A
36
Q

Key area: Forces on charged particles

Describe the electric field lines around a positive and negative point charge placed close to each other.

A
37
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

What term is given to waves with the same frequency, wavelength, velocity and phase difference?

A

Coherent

38
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

Describe what happens as the maxima (or minima) of two waves combine in phase.

A

The two waves will interfere constructively creating a wave of greater amplitude.

39
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

Where two waves of the same velocity and frequency meet half a wavelength out of phase, describe what happens as the peak of one wave and the trough of another combine.

A

The two waves will interfere destructively where the waves cancel each other out.

40
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

If the path difference to the 3rd order maximum in a double slit experiment is 6cm, what is the wavelength of the wave?

A

Path difference = n x lambda,

Therefore lambda = 6/3 = 2cm.

41
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

If the path difference to the 0th order minimum in a double slit experiment is 12cm, what is the wavelength of the wave?

A

Path difference = n x lambda,

Therefore lambda = 12/0.5 = 24cm.

42
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

In the relationship below, what does m represent?

A

The maximum or minimum where:

1 = 1st maximum, 2 = 2nd maximum etc.

0.5 = 1st minimum (0th order min), 1.5 = 2nd minimum (1st order min) etc.

43
Q

Key area: Interference and diffraction

In the relationship below, what does d represent?

A

The slit spacing measured in metres.

44
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

Define the refractive index of a material.

A

The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material.

45
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

What do all three sections of the following relationship have in common?

A

They all equate to the refractive index of a material.

46
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

What happens to the refractive index of light as it changes from the red end to the violet end of the spectrum?

A

The refractive index increases.

47
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

In the diagram, list the order of refracted light colours from top to bottom?

A

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

48
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

In the diagram, where the white light is split by a diffraction grating into the spectra above and below the central maximum, which colour is on the outside of both spectra?

A

Red

49
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

Define the term ‘critical angle’.

A

The angle of incidence at which light passing through a medium changes to totally internally reflected light.

50
Q

Key area: Spectra

Define ‘irradiance’.

A

Irradiance is the power per unit area incident on a surface, measured in Wm-2.

51
Q

Key area: Spectra

Describe what this relationship means.

A

Irradiance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from a point source.

52
Q

Key area: Spectra

What is the name given to lowest energy level in the diagram?

A

Ground state

53
Q

Key area: Spectra

What happens when an electron goes beyond the outermost energy level in the diagram?

A

Ionisation

54
Q

Key area: Spectra

What happens as an electron falls from an upper energy level to a lower energy level?

A

A photon of energy equal to the difference between the two energy levels is emitted. (E = hf)

The greater the energy difference, the higher the frequency of this photon.

55
Q

Key area: Spectra

Name this diagram.

A

Line emission spectrum.

56
Q

Key area: Spectra

Explain how the individual lines on this diagram occur.

A

Each line corresponds to an electron transition within the elements present in a light source.

Each line represents a different energy gap, therefore a different frequency of light.

57
Q

Key area: Spectra

Name this type of spectrum.

A

Continuous spectrum

58
Q

Key area: Spectra

Name this type of spectrum.

A

Absorption spectrum

59
Q

Key area: Spectra

Explain the formation of dark lines in this type of spectrum.

A

Photons of light of particular frequencies are being absorbed by elements present in the atmosphere of a star.

These frequencies are not present in the spectral diagram so they appear as dark lines.

60
Q

Key area: Refraction of light

Define the term ‘total internal reflection’.

A

Total internal reflection is where a light ray strikes the boundary of a material (e.g. glass) at an angle larger than the critical angle of that material. All light is reflected within the glass.

CHS Higher Physics (3 decks)

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