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H Physics > Particles And Waves > Flashcards

Particles And Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

Standard model

A

Understanding of the fundamental nature of matter

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2
Q

What are the two fundamental matter particle groups

A

Leptons and Quarks

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3
Q

Six leptons

A

Electron, muon, tau, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino

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4
Q

Six quarks

A

Up, down, strange, charm, top, bottom

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5
Q

What is Antimatter

A

Every fundamental particle has an equivalent antimatter. Same mass but opposite charge

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6
Q

What do quarks combine to form

A

Hadrons

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7
Q

Mesons are formed..

A

When two quarks combine

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8
Q

Baryons are formed…

A

When three quarks combine

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9
Q

Four fundamental forces

A

Gravitational forces
Electromagnetic forces
Weak nuclear forces
Strong nuclear forces

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10
Q

Force mediating particle for gravitational force

A

Graviton

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11
Q

Force mediating particle for electromagnetic force

A

Photon

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12
Q

Force mediating particle for weak nuclear charge

A

W and Z Bosons

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13
Q

Weak nuclear forces are associated with…

A

Beta decay

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14
Q

Force mediating particle for strong nuclear force

A

Gluon

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15
Q

What does the strong nuclear forces do?

A

Holds quarks together to form particles such as protons and neutrons

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16
Q

A magnetic field is a ….

A

Region of space around a pole where another pole will experience a force

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17
Q

What can determine the direction of a force

A

Flemings right hand rule

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18
Q

Flemings right hand rule

A

First finger- field
Second finger- current
Thumb- thrust

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19
Q

What happens in particle accelerators

A

Charged particles are accelerated by electric fields and magnetic fields are used to change their path.

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20
Q

Isotopes are…

A

Atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons in the nucleus

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21
Q

3 types of nuclear radiation

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

22
Q

Alpha decay

A

-4
Br
-2

23
Q

Beta decay

A

0
Br
-1

24
Q

Gamma decay

A

0
Br + gamma ray
0

25
Q

What happens in a fusion reaction

A

Small nuclei are joined together

26
Q

What happens in a fission reaction

A

Large nucleus is split into smaller nuclei

27
Q

2 types of fission reactions

A

Spontaneous- randomly
Induced- forced, bombarded by a neutron

28
Q

Explain a nuclear fusion reaction (long)

A

It requires extremely high temperatures to create the plasma in which the reactions take place. This poses difficulties to find a suitable coolant, to extract useful energy from the reaction, and containment, to prevent the high temperatures from melting the container the plasma is in.

29
Q

What is the photoelectric effect evidence of

A

Light behaving like a particle

30
Q

What is the work function

A

The minimum amount of energy required for photoemission to occur

31
Q

What is the threshold frequency

A

The minimum frequency of light that causes photoemmision to occur

32
Q

Wave particle duality is our understanding …

A

That photons exhibit both wave and particle properties

33
Q

Coherent waves have…

A

The same:
Velocity
Wavelength
Frequency

34
Q

Constructive interference

A

Waves meet in phase

35
Q

Destructive interference

A

Waves arrive out of phase

36
Q

Interference patterns can occur when:

A

-Waves are produced by two separate coherent sources
-waves from a single source pass through a double slit
- a direct wave from a source interferes with a reflected wave from a nearby surface

37
Q

What is refraction?

A

It’s the change in the speed of light as it travels from one medium to another.

38
Q

How is a spectrum produced from a prism?

A

The refractive index of a material changes slightly with frequency.

39
Q

What happens at small angles of incidence?

A

Most of the light is refracted away from the normal, but some light is reflected back known as partial internal reflection

40
Q

What is the critical angle

A

When the angle of refraction is equal to 90’.

41
Q

What is total internal reflection?

A

Angles above the critical angle, all the light is reflected inside the medium

42
Q

An electron moves to a higher energy level…

A

When it absorbs the energy of a photon

43
Q

When an electron moves from a higher to lower energy level…

A

A photon is emitted

44
Q

Continuous spectra are produced…

A

When energy is supplied to solids, liquids and high pressure gases.

45
Q

Line emission spectra are produced…

A

When energy is supplied to low pressure gases. Line emissions correspond to the frequencies of the photons emitted when the electron moves down the energy levels

46
Q

Absorption spectra are formed…

A

When light with a continuous spectrum passes through a low pressure gas. The lines are formed when electrons in the gas absorb photons to move up an energy level.

47
Q

What type of particle is made of a quark/antiquarks pair?

A

Mesons

48
Q

State what it meant by the term critical angle

A

The angle of incidence such that the angle of refraction of 90’

49
Q

State two features of the Bohr model of the atom

A

-Positively charged nucleus
-discrete electron energy levels

50
Q

What is the equivalent unit of farads

A

Coulombs per volt

51
Q

Describe how the apparatus could be used to verify the inverse square law for a point source of light

A

Obtain values of irradiance for different distances
Plot graph of I against 1/d2
Straight line through the origin verifies the inverse square law

52
Q

Describe how a student would use apparatus to determine the internal resistance of the cell

A

Adjust the variable resistor and take readings of V and I.
Plot a graph of V against I.
Gradient of graph= -r

H Physics (3 decks)

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