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higher physics > particles and waves > Flashcards

particles and waves Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

order of magnitude

A

bigger number divided by the smaller number, the number of zero’s left

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2
Q

fermions

A

protons and neutrons can be broken down into these smaller sub-atomic particles

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3
Q

types of fermions

A

quarks and leptons

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4
Q

types of quarks

A

up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom

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5
Q

types of leptons

A

electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau, tau neutrino

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6
Q

charge of quarks

A

up, charm, top (2/3) down, strange, bottom (-1/3)

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7
Q

charge of leptons

A

electron, muon, tau (-1) neutrinos (0)

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8
Q

bosons

A

force carriers

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9
Q

types of bosons

A

photon, gluon, z boson, w boson, higgs boson

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10
Q

charge of bosons

A

photon, gluon, z boson, higgs boson (0) w boson (+-1)

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11
Q

fundamental forces

A

strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravity

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12
Q

gluon fundamental force

A

strong nuclear force

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13
Q

w boson and z boson fundamental force

A

weak nuclear force

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14
Q

photon fundamental force

A

electromagnetic force

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15
Q

strong nuclear force use

A

holding nucleus together

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16
Q

weak nuclear force use

A

fermion decay

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17
Q

electromagnetic force use

A

causes like charges to repel and opposites to attract

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18
Q

beta decay

A

mediated by the weak force, there are two types: beta+ and beta-

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19
Q

beta+

A

produces an antielectron (positron) and a neutrino

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20
Q

beta-

A

produces an electron and an antineutrino

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21
Q

how was beta decay discovered

A

the law of the conservation of momentum was not being observed

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22
Q

neutrinos

A

they have a very small mass and weak interaction with other particles

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23
Q

an electric field

A

a region in which an electric charge experiences force

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24
Q

arrows on electric field diagrams

A

indicate the direction of force on a positive charge

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25
Q

electric field lines

A

show the direction of a force on a positive charge

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26
Q

a uniform electric field

A

exists between two parallel charge plates

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27
Q

when a charge is moved in an electric field…

A

work is done

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28
Q

potential difference symbol

A

voltage (V)

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29
Q

potential difference

A

the work done in moving one coulomb of charge between the two points in an electric field

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30
Q

potential difference units

A

joule per coulomb (JC^-1)

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31
Q

magnetic field

A

they exist around a current-carrying conductor

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32
Q

B

A

magnetic field

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33
Q

I

A

current (flow of electron)

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34
Q

A.C. supply

A

accelerates particles in one direction and then the other, allows it to go in a circle or a straight line

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35
Q

radioisotopes

A

unstable nuclei

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36
Q

nature of alpha

A

a helium nucleus

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37
Q

nature of beta

A

a fast moving electron

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38
Q

nature of gamma

A

a high frequency EM wave

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39
Q

in gamma decay

A

there is no change in the isotope, only energy is emitted

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40
Q

nuclear fission

A

when a large nucleus splits into two nuclei of smaller mass with the release of several neutrons and energy

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41
Q

types of fission

A

spontaneous (with a fixed half life) or stimulated

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42
Q

stimulated fission

A

when the nucleus is hit by an incident neutron causing it to undergo fission

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43
Q

lost mass in fission is converted to…

A

energy

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44
Q

lost mass in fission equation

A

E=mc^2

45
Q

constructive interference

A

when a crest meets a crest and a maximum amplitude is produced

46
Q

destructive interference

A

when a crest meets a trough and the wave length is cancelled out

47
Q

maxima

A

occurs at points of constructive interference

48
Q

interference pattern

A

formed by two coherent sources

49
Q

m (central maximum)

A

0

50
Q

minima

A

occurs at points of destructive interference

51
Q

d

A

separation of the slits

52
Q

theta (mxlambda=dsintheta)

A

the angle between the central maximum and the first fringe

53
Q

central maximum of white light

A

where all wavelengths interfere constructively

54
Q

other maximums of white light

A

a spectrum, violet is closest to the central maximum in every spectrum

55
Q

irradiance is defined by…

A

the power per unit area

56
Q

irradiance units

A

Wm^-2

57
Q

the relationship between intensity and distance

A

can be shown to follow an inverse square law (only for a point source)

58
Q

a point source

A

something that gives light out in all directions

59
Q

refraction

A

the slowing of light as it passes from a less dense to a more dense optical medium (i.e. air to glass)

60
Q

the absolute refractive index symbol

A

n

61
Q

the absolute refractive index

A

the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material

62
Q

frequency of light in different material

A

is the same

63
Q

the critical angle

A

the angle of incidence such that the angle of refraction is 90 degrees

64
Q

angle smaller than the critical angle

A

will cause light to refract

65
Q

angle bigger than the critical angle

A

will show total internal reflection

66
Q

electrons can exist in…

A

different (discrete) energy levels in the atom

67
Q

emission of photons

A

when atoms are excited their electrons jump to higher energy levels, when they fall back down to their ground state, a photon is emitted

68
Q

the energy of the emitted photon

A

equal to the energy difference between the two energy levels

69
Q

frequency and wavelength of the photons can be calculated using

A

E=hf

70
Q

absorption spectra

A

produced when specific frequencies of photons from white light are absorbed by atoms of hydrogen

71
Q

why is energy released in nuclear reactions

A

mass lost is converted to energy

72
Q

why is an alternating supply used

A

particle always accelerates in the same direction

73
Q

mesons

A

a hadron containing a quark and an antiquark

74
Q

antiparticle

A

the same magnitude of charge as its particle but opposite sign

75
Q

baryon

A

comprised of 3 quarks

76
Q

hadron

A

comprised of of two or more quarks held together by the strong nuclear force, mesons or baryons

77
Q

why are some fusions hard to sustain

A

they require high temperatures

78
Q

how to improve irradiance experiment

A

black cloth on desk to reduce reflections

79
Q

coherent

A

the waves from the two sources have a constant phase relationship

80
Q

shorter wavelength

A

fringes are closer together

81
Q

for an atom to be ionised

A

the electron must be in the highest energy level

82
Q

how is the photoelectric effect demonstrated

A

using a gold leaf electroscope -only negatively charged electrons discharge

83
Q

does dim UV light discharge a gold leaf electroscope

A

yes, due to its high frequency

84
Q

does white light discharge a gold leaf electroscope

A

no, due to its lower frequency

85
Q

the photoelectric effect depends on

A

frequency

86
Q

threshold frequency

A

below this (fo) there is no photoelectric emission

87
Q

increasing intensity at f<fo

A

will have no effect

88
Q

increasing intensity at f>fo

A

will cause more photoelectric emission, they are directly proportional

89
Q

a bigger intensity results in

A

a bigger photoelectric current produced

90
Q

work function

A

a minimum energy needed by an electron produce photoelectric emission (escape from a metal)

91
Q

the work function is dependent on

A

frequency

92
Q

left over energy from the work function is

A

kinetic energy

93
Q

the emission of beta particles in radioactive decay is evidence for the existence of

A

neutrinos

94
Q

why do no electrons leave the plate when the frequency of incident radiation is below fo

A

photons with frequency below fo do not have enough energy to release electrons

95
Q

how are dark lines in spectrum produced from the sun

A

photons of certain frequencies are absorbed in the suns outer layers

96
Q

two features of the bohr model

A

a positively charged nucleus, electrons in energy shells

97
Q

why is a spectrum produced from white light in a prism

A

different colours have different refractive indices

98
Q

how does photoelectric emission prove light acts as particles

A

each photon contains a fixed amount of energy

99
Q

j

A

less dispersion

100
Q

why do some colours of LED not work

A

the electrons do not gain enough energy to move towards the conduction band of the p-type

101
Q

what happens to path difference when the distance separating the gaps increases

A

nothing as the wavelength hadn’t changed

102
Q

explain why protons are accelerated by an electric field

A

protons are positively charged so experience a force

103
Q

why would a screen glow brighter if potential difference is now higher

A

electrons will gain more energy

104
Q

what happens to the pattern with grating with more lines per mm

A

spots will be further apart as angle is greater

105
Q

a difference in spectrum of a prism with a lower refractive index

A

less deviation in spectrum position

106
Q

why would a larger split separation produce a less accurate value for wavelength

A

angle is less so higher percentage uncertainty

107
Q

why do tube lengths increase in a particle accelerator

A

the speed of the particle increases so they travel further in the same time

108
Q

how would a higher frequency of light refract

A

a smaller angle since refractive index is greater

higher physics (4 decks)

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