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Higher Physics - 2021/2022 > Particles and Waves > Flashcards

Particles and Waves Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fundamental particle?

A

A particle that can’t be divided further

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2
Q

What are protons and neutrons made of?

A

Quarks

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3
Q

What is a fermion?

A

A particle of matter

Leptons and Quarks

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4
Q

What classifications of Quarks are there?

A

1st Generation : Up, Down
2nd Generation : Strange, Charm
3rd Generation : Top, Bottom

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5
Q

Where are each generation of Quarks found?

A

1st Generation - make up our normal universe. Found in protons and neutrons
2nd and 3rd Generations - Found in high energy collisions in particle accelerators or cosmic rays

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6
Q

What is the charge on an Up Quark?

A

+2/3

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7
Q

What is the charge on a Down Quark?

A

-1/3

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8
Q

Remembering the table of Quarks and Leptons, what was in the top row and what was their charges? Include their symbols as well.

A

Up (u), Charm (c), Top(t)

All +2/3

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9
Q

Remembering the table of Quarks and Leptons, what was in the second row of Quarks and what was their charges? Include their symbols.

A

Down (d), Strange (s), Bottom (b)

All -1/3

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10
Q

Remembering the table of Quarks and Leptons, what was in the top row of the Leptons and what was their charges? Include their symbols.

A

Electron (e), Muon (μ), Tau (T)

All -1

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11
Q

Remembering the table of Quarks and Leptons, what was in the bottom row of Leptons and what was their charges? Include their symbols.

A 
Electron neutrino (Ve), Muon neutrino (Vμ), Tau neutrino (VT)
All 0
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12
Q

How do you change a particle into an antiparticle?

A

Same mass

Change the sign of the charge

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13
Q

What is the antimatter version of a Up Quark?

A

Anti-Up

-2/3

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14
Q

What are Hadrons?

A

Heavy particles made up of groups of quarks

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15
Q

What are the two types of Hadrons?

A

Baryons

Mesons

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16
Q

What determines what type of Hadron a particle will be?

A

How many quarks making up the particle

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17
Q

What are the two types of baryons and what are they made of?

A 
Protons = two up quarks and a down quark = +2/3 +2/3 -1/3 = +1
Neutrons = two down quarks and one up quark = -1/3 -1/3 +2/3 = 0
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18
Q

What are Mesons made of and give an example?

A

Made from a quark and an anti-quark

e.g. negative pion = anti-up quark + down quark = -2/3 -1/3 = -1

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19
Q

What is the hierarchical path of particles?

A

Fundamental Particle (Quarks and Leptons) -> Hadrons (Baryons and Mesons)(Protons and Neutrons

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20
Q

What are the four fundamental forces?

A

Gravitational
Electromagnetic
Weak Nuclear
Strong Nuclear

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21
Q

What fundamental force is related to a Graviton and what does it do?

A

Gravitational Force
Weakest Force
Holds matter together in planets, stars and galaxies

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22
Q

What fundamental force is related to a Photon and what does it do?

A

Electromagnetic Force
Is a combination of electrostatic and magnetic forces
Holds electrons within atoms

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23
Q

What fundamental force is related to W and Z and what does it do?

A

Weak Nuclear Force
Involved in radioactive beta decay
Present in lepton-quark interactions

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24
Q

What fundamental force is related to a Gluon and what does it do?

A

Strong Nuclear Force
Holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom
Only experienced in quarks

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25
Q

What evidence is there for neutrino’s?

A

Beta decay

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26
Q

On electric field diagrams, what way do the arrows point?

A

Positive to negative

The path a proton would travel

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27
Q

What are the three types of electric fields that we can draw? How do we draw them?

A

Single charge - circle with the charge in the middle, lines coming out of circle. If positive, arrows point away. If negative, arrows point into centre
Double charges - Same as above. If both are positive or both are negative, lines will repel one another. If unlike charges, lines will connect, positive attracted to negative
Electric field - positive bar and negative bar. Draw lines between the two. Arrows from positive to negative

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28
Q

What does it mean if the lines in an electric field are close together?

A

The field is stronger

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29
Q

What will deflect first in an electric field : a electron or an alpha particle?

A

The electron as light particles deflect faster

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30
Q

Why don’t gamma rays and neutrons deflect in an electric field?

A

Have no charge

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31
Q

How do you calculate the work done on a particle when moving through an electric field?

A 
Ew = QV
Ew = Ek
QV = 1/2mv^2
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32
Q

Give examples of practical uses of electric fields?

A

Spray Painting

Cleaning ash from exhaust gases

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33
Q

Using the weird finger thing, what does the thumb represent?

A

The motion of the electron - the way it will move

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34
Q

Using the weird finger thing, what does the index finger represent?

A

The field direction

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35
Q

Using the weird finger thing, what does the middle finger represent?

A

The electron flow/current

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36
Q

Use right hand for negative charges and left hand for positive charges

A
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37
Q

What ways can the electrons go?

A

Into the page/down
Out of the page/up
left
right

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38
Q

What way is the electric field going if it shows a cross?

A

Away from you

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39
Q

What way is the electric field going if it is shown by a dot?

A

Towards you

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40
Q

What is the purpose of particle accelerators?

A

Increase the velocity of particles to get them to collide which will break them into fundamental particles - research
Can be used to treat cancer

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41
Q

What are the main types of particle accelerators?

A

Linear accelerators
Cyclotrons
Synchrotrons

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42
Q

Why do linear accelerators and cyclotrons use an alternating current?

A

To keep the particles moving in the correct direction

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43
Q

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of linear accelerators

A

Advantage - simple acceleration

Disadvantage - must be very long to accelerate particles to high energy states

44
Q

How are charged particles kept in the centre of a synchroton?

A

Magnets

45
Q

How do cyclotrons work?

A

Spiral shape
Charged particles start off in the centre and spiral to the outside for use through electric fields and ‘dees’ (electrodes)
Particles get faster with each dee they pass , giving them a greater orbit

46
Q

How is the collision of particles picked up?

A

Through detectors

47
Q

What causes the acceleration of charged particles in a particle accelerator?

A

Electric fields

48
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The number of protons/electrons

49
Q

What is the relative atomic mass number?

A

Number of protons + Number of neutrons

50
Q

How would you work out the number of neutrons an atom had?

A

Mass number - atomic number(no of protons)

51
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but a different mass number

52
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

When an atom loses a helium nucleus (two protons and two neutrons)

53
Q

What happens to an atom when it loses an alpha particle?

A

Mass number decreases by 4
Atomic number decreases by 2
New element is corresponding to new atomic number

54
Q

What is beta decay?

A

When a neutron changes into a proton and electron. The electron and an anti neutrino are emitted.

55
Q

What happens to an atom when undergoing beta decay occurs?

A

Gains a proton so therefore the atomic number increases by one

56
Q

How does an atom differ when it emits gamma rays?

A

Not at all

Are photons of electromagnetic radiation, not particles, so therefore don’t alter the mass no. or the atomic no.

57
Q

What are the two types of nuclear reactions?

A

Fission

Fusion

58
Q

What are the two types of fission reactions?

A

Spontaneous

Stimulated

59
Q

What happens during Spontaneous Fission?

A

A large atomic nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy

60
Q

What happens during stimulated fission?

A

A neutron is fired, splitting a large nuclei into two smaller nuclei and releasing energy, as well as three additional neutrons that can cause further fissioning.

61
Q

Give a brief summary of what occurs in a nuclear reactor

A 
Fission occurs (stimulated)
Released neutrons move fast so graphite rods are used to slow them down so they hit other atoms to cause further fissions
Control rods (boron) absorb some loose neutrons to keep the reaction under control
The energy released heats the reactor core
Coolant fluid turns into steam which drives turbines
62
Q

What happens during a fusion reaction?

A

Two light elements combine to form a heavier elements releasing large quantities of energy

63
Q

Why is mass lost during nuclear reactions?

A

Is converted into kinetic energy

E = m c^2

64
Q

How do you calculate the energy released during a nuclear reaction?

A

Calculate the mass of the left hand side of the equation
Calculate the mass of the right hand side of the equation
Calculate the loss in mass (left-right)
E = m c^2

65
Q

What is h the symbol for?

A

Planck’s constant - in databook

6.63x10-34 Js

66
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

The emission of electrons when light hits a material

67
Q

What is a photon?

A

A light particle

68
Q

How do you show the difference between a particle and an antiparticle?

A

Put a bar on top of the symbol for antiparticles

69
Q

How does the photoelectric effect support quantum theory?

A

Electrons from within the metal are being given enough energy to be released from the surface of the metal

70
Q

What is threshold frequency and what is its symbol?

A

The minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation required in order to eject electrons from the surface of a metal
fo

71
Q

What is the work function?

A

The minimum energy required to release an electron from the surface of a metal.
Eo

72
Q

How do you calculate the work function?

A

Eo = hfo

measured in joules (J)

73
Q

What formula is to be used when the energy supplied to the metal is greater than the work function?

A

Ek = E - Eo
so the kinetic energy of the particle being released is equal to the energy being given take away the energy required to release the particle
Can be re-written as:
1/2mv^2 = hf - hfo

74
Q

What is irradiance?

A

The strength of the radiation

75
Q

How do you calculate the distance between slits on a grating?

A

Scale number up to a metre
(e.g. 300 slits per mm = 300,000slits per metre)
distance between slits = 1/no. of slits
(e.g. 1/300,000 = 3.33x10-6 m)

76
Q

How do you work out the angle between the screen and the maxima?

A

tan theta = distance between maxima / distance between maxima

77
Q

How do you compare things in order of magnitudes?

A

Take the values away from one another and find the closest order of magnitude.
Answer will be e.g. 2 orders of magnitude

78
Q

What does it mean when waves are in phase?

A

Waves are vibrating in the same way, at the same time

79
Q

What does it mean is waves are out of phase?

A

Waves are vibrating in exact opposite ways, at the same time

80
Q

What does it mean when sources are coherent?

A

Waves have the same frequency, same wavelength, same velocity

81
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

When two waves in phase with each other meet, forming a double wave

82
Q

What is destructive interference?

A

When waves meet out of phase and cancel each other out

83
Q

How can you show interference?

A

Allow waves from one source to through two narrow slits in a barrier.
Can be done with water waves in a ripple tank

84
Q

What is interference?

A

When two or more waves meet, forming one wave form

85
Q

When looking at the inference of light, what does it mean when when a bright fringe is shown?

A

Light arrives in phase and is an area of constructive interference

86
Q

When looking at the interference of light, what does it mean when a dark fringe is observed?

A

The light arrives out of phase and is an area of destructive interferene

87
Q

What increases the spacing of lines of interference?

A

Decreasing the separation of the sources
Increasing the wavelength/Decreasing the wavelength
Observing interference pattern at an increased distance from the sources

88
Q

When does constructive interference occur?

A

When path difference = m x lambda

Where m is an interger

89
Q

When does destructive interference occur?

A

When path difference = (m + 1/2) x lambda

90
Q

What is a maxima?

A

The interference pattern of a constructive wave

91
Q

What is a minima?

A

The interference pattern of a destructive wave

92
Q

Why is the central maxima the strongest wave?

A

Because the waves from both sources have to travel the same distance

93
Q

What is the grating equation?

A

dsino = m x lambda

94
Q

How would you measure the wavelength of a laser light?

A

Measure the distance between the maxima (d)
Measure distance from grating to the screen (D)
Use tan theta = d/D to find theta
Calculate the distance between slits in grating
Use m lambda = d sin o to find wavelength

95
Q

How would you calculate the distance between slits?

A

Multiply to calculate how many slits per metre
distance between slits = 1/slits per metre
(e.g. 300 slits per mm –> 300,000 per metre –> 1/300000 –> 3.33x10-6m)

96
Q

What is the charge on an electron?

A

1.6 x10-19

97
Q

What is refractive index?

A

A measure of how much light is slowed down in a material

98
Q

What is the symbol for refractive index?

A

n

99
Q

Describe the motion of light as it enters and exits a glass block

A

Slows down as it enters

Speeds up as it exits

100
Q

When does light change direction?

A

When it meets a (glass) block at an angle

101
Q

When does light not change direction?

A

When it meets the face of the block perpendicular (at a right angle)

102
Q

What happens when light enter a optically denser material?

A 
Velocity decreases
Wavelength decreases (corridor analogy)
Frequency remains constant
103
Q

What has a shorter wavelength : red or blue light?

A

Blue

104
Q

What determines the refractive index?

A

The frequency

105
Q

Why is ROYGBIV expressed when light enters a prism?

A

The refractive index is dependant upon frequency
Monochromatic light is made up of different frequencies
When the light is passed through the material, the frequencies are all slightly refracted differently causing the colours to spread out (diverge)

106
Q

What is photoemmission?

A

Electrons being emitted from a metal surface when struck by electromagnetic radiation

Higher Physics - 2021/2022 (4 decks)

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