Particles and Radiation Flashcards
Charge (C) of a proton
+1.60x10^-19
Charge (C) of a neutron
0
Charge (C) of an electron
-1.60x10^-19
Mass (kg) of a proton
1.67x10^-27
Mass (kg) of a electron
9.11x10-31
Mass (kg) of a neutron
1.67x10-27
Relative charge of a proton
Positive, +1
Relative charge of a neutron
Neutral, 0
Relative charge of a electron
Negative, -1
Relative mass of a proton
1
Relative mass of a neutron
1
Relative mass of an electron
0.0005 or 1/2000
equation for speecific charge
charge/mass
What is an isotope
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
describe Nuclide Notation
A=Nucleon number
X=element symbol
Z=proton number
what forces act on nucleons in a nucleus
Electromagnetic force, Gravitational force, Strong nuclear force
for what range is the strong nuclear force most attractive
0.5fm to 3fm
when is the strong nuclear force repulsive
closer than 0.5fm
what is nuclear decay
when unstable nuclei emit particles to become more stable
What happens to the nucleon and proton number in alpha decay, what particle is emited.
nucleeon number decreases by 4
Proton number decreases by 2
an alpha particle with nucleon number of 4 and proton number of 2 is released
what happens to the nucleon and proton number in beta minus decay, what particle is emited
nucleon number remains the same
proton number increases by 1
a electron is emited from the nucleus along with an electron antineutrino
List the 7 electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing frequency
1-Radio waves 2-Micro-waves 3-Infra-red waves 4-Visible Light 5-Ultra-Violet light 6-X-Rays 7-Gamma Rays
equation for the energy of one photon in j
E=hf
h=planck’s constant 1.63x10-34
f=frequency of light in Hz
equation for frequency in Hz
f=c/wavelength
c=speed of light in a vacuum 3.00x10^8
what is another equation for the energy of one photon
E=hf=hc/wavelength
What is an antiparticle
each particle has an antiparticle with the same mass and rest energy but with the opposite charge (if charged)
what is the Rest energy of a proton
938.3MeV
what is the rest energy of a neutron
939.6MeV
what is the rest energy of a electron
0.511MeV
what is Pair Production
when energy is converted into mass you get equal ammounts of matter and antimatter
what is the minimum energy needed in Mev for pair production
2x the rest energy of the particle type prroduced in MeV
what is annihilation
when a particle and its antiparticle meet all the mass of the particle and antiparticle are converted back to energy in the form of two gamma ray photons
what is the minimum energy of photon produced by annihilation
the rest energy of particle type annihilated in MeV
what is a hadron
a hadron is a particle that can feel the strong nuclear force, such as protons and neutrons.
what are the two types of hadrons
baryons and mesons
what is the only stable baryon
a proton
what is the baryon number of a baryon
+1
what is the baryon number of an antibaryon
-1
what does a neutron decay into
a proton an electron and a antineutrino
what is the other type of hadron (not baryon)
Meson
what are mesons made up of
pions and kaons
what do kaons decay into
pions
what is the exchange particle of the strong nuclear force
Pions
what are cosmic ray showers
when cosmic rays interact with molecules in the atmosphere and produces lots of high energy particles such as pions and kaons
what are Leptons
Leptons are fundamental particles which do not feel the strong nuclear force
what are the two types of lepton number
electron lepton number and muon lepton number
what are muons
leptons which are like heavy unstable electrons wich decay into normal electrons
what are stable leptons
electrons
baryon and lepton number must always be conserved yes or no
yes
what are strange particles
particles which have a property called strangeness
when is strangeness conserved and when isnt it
strangeness is conserved in the strong interaction and it is not conserved in the weak interaction
conservation of strangeness means strange particles can only be created in ______
Pairs
what can strangeness change by in the weak interaction
+1, 0, -1
what properties must be conserved
charge, baryon number, lepton number, strangeness (sometimes)
what are quarks
they are fundamental particles, the building blocks for hadrons
what are the three types of quarks
up, down, strange
what are the properties of anit-quarks
the opposite of quarks ( for example if charge is +2/3 for quark anti quark has charge -2/3)
Protons are made up of a combination of what 3 quarks
up up down
neutrons are made up of a combination of what 3 quarks
up down down
what combination of quarks are mesons made up of
one quark and one antiquark
Pions have a a strangeness of
0
kaons have a strangeness of
+1, or -1
what is quark confinement
it is not possible to get a quark by itself
what happens to quarks in beta minus decay
a down quark is changed into an up quark, a electron and an electron anti neutrino are released, this can only be done via the weak interaction
what happens in beta plus decay
an up quark is changed into a down quark, a positron and a electron neutrino are released, this can only be done via the weak interaction
what does particle physics rely on?
the collaboration of large teams of scientists and engineers to validate new knowledge
what are exchange particles
virtual particles that exist to transfer energy momentum and other properties between two particles in an interaction.
what is a gauge boson
a gauge boson is a specific exchange particle for a fundamental force
what is the strong interaction gauge boson
pions
what is the electromagnetic gauge boson
virtual photon
what is the weak gauge boson
W+,W- bosons
what are the four fundamental interactions
gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force
