Particles and Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the A-Z nuclide notation

A

A = nucleon number (sum of p + n)

Z = atomic (proton) number

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2
Q

State the charge and mass of a proton.

A

Charge = 1.60e-19

Mass = 1.67e-27

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3
Q

How do you calculate the specific charge and what is its unit?

A
  • specific charge = charge/mass
  • unit = Ckg^-1

Note : charge = Z x 1.60e-19
mass = A x 1.67e-27

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4
Q

How many electrons are there in a neutral atom?

A

The number of electrons = the number of protons.

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5
Q

State the charge and mass of a neutron

A
Charge = o
Mass = 1.67e-27
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6
Q

State the charge and mass of an electron.

A
Charge = -1.60e-19
Mass = 9.11e-31
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7
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A version of an atom with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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8
Q

What characteristic of the atom does changing the number of neutrons affect?

A

The stability of the nucleus.

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9
Q

What is ionisation?

A

The removal (or addition) of electrons from (to) an atom or molecule.

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10
Q

How is isotopic data used?

A

Used to find the percentage of radioactive carbon-14 left in an object (organic matter).

So the approximate age can be calculated.

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11
Q

What is the attractive force responsible for holding the nucleus together?

A

The strong nuclear force.

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12
Q

What is the range of the strong nuclear force?

A
  • 0.5-3.0 femtometres
  • works equally between all nucleons
  • at separations smaller than 0.5fm, the force is repulsive so nucleus doesn’t crush to a point
  • falls rapidly towards zero after 3fm.
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13
Q

What kind of nuclei is alpha decay likely to happen and how does the nucleon and atomic numbers change?

A
  • very large nuclei
  • nucleon number decreases by 4
  • atomic number decreases by 2
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14
Q

Why is the neutrino present in beta minus decays?

A
  • Hypothesised as a neutral, almost zero mass

- carries away some energy and momentum (conservation of energy)

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15
Q

What happens to the nucleon and proton number in beta minus decay?

A
  • the nucleon number stays the same
  • the proton number increases by 1
  • a beta minus particle and antineutrino are also emitted
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16
Q

When does gamma radiation take place?

A
  • gamma radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by an unstable nucleus
  • it is emitted by a nucleus with too much energy, following alpha or beta emission
17
Q

What end of electromagnetic radiation has the greatest frequency and wavelength?

A
  • highest wavelength = rich men (radio waves -> microwaves)

- frequency = gambling (gamma rays)

18
Q

What do electromagnetic radiation exist as?

A

Photons of energy = hf

h = 6.63e-34
f = c/lambda
19
Q

What do electromagnetic waves consist of?

A
  • an electric wave and a magnetic wave which
    • vibrate perpendicular to each other and the direction they’re travelling• travel in phase with each other.
20
Q

What similarities do particles and it’s corresponding antiparticles share? (Name one difference)

A
  • same mass
  • same rest energy
  • opposite charge
21
Q

What happens in annihilation?

A
  • a particle and its corresponding antiparticle collide and their mass is converted into radiation energy
  • two gamma ray photons
  • Emin = hfmin
22
Q

What happens in pair production?

A
  • a photon creates a particle and a corresponding antiparticle and vanishes in the process
  • Emin = 2rest energy
23
Q

State the electron capture equation.

A

p + e- -> n + v

24
Q

State the 3 fundamental forces, their gauge bosons and the particles affected.

A
  1. Electromagnetic, virtual photon, charged particles only
  2. Weak nuclear force, W+ or W- boson, all types
  3. Strong nuclear force, pions, hadrons only
25
Q

State the beta plus and beta minus equations

A

beta minus = n -> p + e- + antineutrino

beta plus = p-> n + e+ + neutrino

26
Q

What is the role of exchange particles?

A

Exchange particles transfer

1) energy
2) momentum
3) force

27
Q

What occurs in electron capture?

A

An orbital electron interacts with a proton in the nucleus via the weak interaction.