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Physics A - Level > Particles and Radiation (2): Quarks and Leptons > Flashcards

Particles and Radiation (2): Quarks and Leptons Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Leptons?

A

The group of light /weak fundamental particles that interact through the weak interaction, gravitational interaction and electromagnetic interaction (if charged)

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2
Q

What are Hadrons?

A

The group of strong/heavy fundamental particles that are created through the strong interaction and interact through all four fundamental forces but primarily the strong interaction and the electromagnetic interaction (if charged).

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3
Q

What are the two classifications of Hadrons?

A

Baryons and Mesons

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4
Q

What is the definition of a Baryon?

A

Subatomic particles, which are a subsection of Hadrons, that are comprised of 3 quarks and decay into protons directly or indirectly

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5
Q

What is the definition of a Meson?

A

Subatomic particles, which are a subsection of Hadrons, that are comprised of 2 quarks (a quark and antiquark) that don’t decay into protons

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6
Q

What are examples of Baryons?

A

Nucleons - protons and neutrons
Other - other subatomic particles that are comprised of 3 quarks

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7
Q

What are the 2 mesons you need to know?

A

Pions (pi symbol) and Kaons (capital K)

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8
Q

What are the 2 leptons you need to know?

A

Electrons and muons

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9
Q

What is the only fundamental particle that is stable on its own?

A

proton

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10
Q

What are the 6 types of quarks?

A

up, down, top, bottom, strange, charm

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11
Q

Why cant you have one quark in isolation?

A

As the energy required to overcome the forces between the 2 quarks would spontaneously create another one

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12
Q

What are the conservation laws associated with interactions of subatomic particles?

A
  • Conservation of charge
  • Conservation of lepton number
  • Conservation of Baryon number (work this out by calculating the baryon number on either sides with the individual baryon number of each quark)
  • Conservation of strangeness
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13
Q

What is interesting about the conservation of strangeness?

A

Strangeness has to be conserved in strong force interactions but can differ by +/-1 in weak force interactions

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14
Q

What type of neutrino can a muon only turn into?

A

muon neutrino

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15
Q

What type of neutrino can an electron only turn into?

A

electron antineutrino

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16
Q

What is the lepton number of an electron, muon and neutrino?

A

+1
NB - the electron neutrino has a +1 electron lepton number but a 0 muon lepton number. The muon neutrino has a +1 lepton number but a 0 electron lepton number.

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17
Q

What is the lepton number of a positron, anti muon and antineutrino (electron/muon)

A

-1
NB - The electron antineutrino has a -1 electron lepton number but a 0 muon lepton number. The muon antineutrino has a -1 muon lepton number but a 0 electron lepton number.

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18
Q

What is the quark configuration of a neutron?

A

udd

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19
Q

What is the quark configuration of a proton?

A

uud

20
Q

What classification of particle is a sigma particle?

A

A Baryon (hadron)

21
Q

What is the quark configuration of an antiproton?

A

ūū(anti)d

22
Q

What are the charges of each of the quarks?

A

u - +2/3
d - -1/3
s - -1/3
ū - -2/3
(anti)d - +1/3
(anti)s - +1/3

23
Q

What is the strangeness of each of the quarks?

A

u - 0
d - 0
s - -1
ū - 0
(anti)d - 0
(anti)s - +1

24
Q

What is the baryon number for each of the quarks?

A

u - +1/3
d - +1/3
s - +1/3
ū - -1/3
(anti)d - -1/3
(anti)s - -1/3

25
Q

What is the quark configuration of the K0 meson?

A

d(anti)s

26
Q

What is the quark configuration of the K+ meson?

A

u(anti)s

27
Q

What is the quark configuration of the K- meson?

A

sū

28
Q

What is the quark configuration of the (anti)K0 meson?

A

s(anti)d

29
Q

What is the quark configuration of the pion0 meson?

A

uū, d(anti)d or s(anti)s

30
Q

What is the quark configuration of the pion+ meson?

A

u(anti)d

31
Q

What is the quark configuration of the pion- meson?

A

ūd

32
Q

In ß- decay what happens in terms of quarks?

A

A down quark turns into an up quark

33
Q

In ß+ decay what happens in terms of quarks?

A

An up quark turns into a down quark

34
Q

What are the two ways that a Kaon(+/-/0) can decay?

A

-> Pions
-> Muon and antineutrino, antimuon and neutrino

35
Q

What are the two ways that a charged Pion(+/-) can decay?

A

-> Muon and antineutrino, antimuon and neutrino

36
Q

How does a Pion (0) decay?

A

-> high-energy photons

37
Q

What do Muons decay into?

A

-> electron + antineutrino
-> positron + neutrino

38
Q

What force do all Hadrons act under?

A

Strong force interactions

39
Q

What force do all charged matter and antimatter act under?

A

Electromagnetic force

40
Q

What force to all leptons and baryons act under?

A

Weak force interaction

41
Q

In what number are strange particles created?

A

2’s

42
Q

What force do W and Z bosons mediate?

A

Weak nuclear

43
Q

What is the exchange particle that mediates the Electromagnetic force?

A

virtual photon

44
Q

What type of interaction are strange particles formed by?

A

Strong nuclear force

45
Q

What type of interaction do strange particles decay via?

A

Weak nuclear force

46
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. SNF
  3. WNF
  4. Electromagnetic
47
Q

What is the exchange particle for the SNF?

A

pion/gluon

Physics A - Level (23 decks)

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