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Physics > Particles and Radiation > Flashcards

Particles and Radiation Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

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2
Q

Carbon dating

A

Calculating the percentage of of carbon-14 in an object and using the half life to calculate an approximate age

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3
Q

Strong Nuclear Force

A
  • Keeps nuceli stable by counteracting the electrostatic force of repulsion between protons.
  • Only acts on nucleons
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4
Q

SNF Range

A

Attractive up to 3fm
Repulstive below 0.5fm

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5
Q

Unstable Nuclei

A
  • Nuclei with too many protons or neutrons or both.
  • SNF not strong enough to keep them stable so they will decay
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6
Q

Alpha Decay

A
  • Only occurs in large nuclei with too many neutrons and protons
  • Releases a helium nucleus (2 proton, 2 neutron)
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7
Q

Beta Minus Decay

A
  • Occurs in nuclei that are neutron rich
  • Proton number increases by 1
  • Neutron decays into a proton
  • Electron is released (not from a shell)
  • Electron neutrino is released
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8
Q

Discovery of Neutrinos

A

Energy levels were not the same after a beta minus decay, energy was not conserved. Lead to the hypothesis of neutrinos

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9
Q

Particles and Antiparticles have the same…

A

Same rest energy and mass, everything is opposite sign

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10
Q

Annihilation

A
  • When a particle and its antiparticle collide
  • Their masses are converted into energy
  • This energy and kinetic energy release photons in opposite directions to conserve momentum
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11
Q

PET scanner

A

Positrons are introduced into the patient and then they annihilate with electrons emitting gamma photons which are easily detected

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12
Q

Pair Production

A
  • Photon is converted into equal amount of matter and antimatter
  • Only occur when photon has a greater energy than the 2 particles
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13
Q

Exchange Particle

A

Particle that carry energy and momentum between particles experiencing a force

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14
Q

Strong Force: Exchange Particle and Range

A

Gluon
3 x10 ^-15

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15
Q

Weak Force: Exchange Particle and Range

A

W boson (+ or -)
10^-18

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16
Q

Electromagnetic Force: Exchange Particle and Range

A

Virtual Photon
Infinite Range

17
Q

Leptons

A
  • Do not experience strong nuclear force
  • Fundamental (cant be broken down)

electron, positron, electron neutrino, muon neutrino

18
Q

Hadrons

A
  • Formed of quarks
  • Experience SNF
  • Baryons or Mesons
19
Q

Baryons

A
  • Hadron
  • Formed of 3 quarks

proton, neutron

20
Q

Mesons

A
  • Hadrons
  • 1 quark, 1 antiquark

Pion, Kaon

21
Q

Strange Particles

A

Particles produced by SNF but decay by the WNF

Kaons decay into pions

22
Q

Quark Combination: Proton

A

uud

23
Q

Quark Combination: Neutron

A

ddu

24
Q

Quark Combination: pion 0

A

uu* or dd*

25
Q

Quark Combination: pion +

A

ud*

26
Q

Quark Combination: pion -

A

du*

27
Q

Quark Combination: Kaon 0

A

ds*

28
Q

Quark Combination: Kaon +

A

us*

29
Q

Quark Combination: Kaon -

A

su*

30
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

Photoelectrons are emitted from the surface of a metal after light above the threshold frequency is shone on it

31
Q

Photon Model of Light

A
  • EM waves travel in packets called photons
  • each electron absorbs 1 photon
  • if intensity is increased and frequency is above threshold frequency, more PE are emitted
32
Q

Work function

A

The minimum enery required for electrons to be enitted from the surface of a metal

33
Q

Stopping Potential

A
  • The potential difference needed to be applied across the metal to stop the photoelectrons with max KE.
  • KEmax = e V
34
Q

Excitation

A
  • Electrons gain energy from collisions with free electrons causing then to move up an energy level
  • It will quickly return to original energy level (de-excite to ground state) and release the energy it gained in the form of a photon

(me when physics is over)

35
Q

Ionisation

A
  • When an electron gains enough energy to be removed from an atom entirely
  • Occurs when energy of free electron > ionisation energy
36
Q

Flurescent Tubes

A
  • Voltage is applied a tube filled with murcury vapour
  • Accelerates free electrons in the tube which collide with murcury atoms making them ionised
  • More free electrons are released
  • The excited electrons dexcite and release photons in the UV range
  • The flurescent coating on the inside of the tube absorb the UV and excites the electrons in the coating
  • then when they de-excite they release photons of visible light
37
Q

Electron Volt (1eV)

A

Energy gained by one electron when passing through a potential difference of 1V

38
Q

Wave Particle Duality

A
  • Light has both wave and particle properties
  • Light acts as a wave: diffraction and interference
  • Light acts as a particle: photoelectric effect
39
Q

De Brogile Theory

A

If light can have particle properties then particles can have wave like properties.

Physics (6 decks)

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