particles and radiation Flashcards
how do you calculate the relative charge/mass of a sub-atomic particle like a neutron
you divide the absolute mass/charge of said particle by the absolute mass/charge of a proton
what is charge measured in
Coulombs (C)
what is the nuclide notation for atomic number
Z
what is the nuclide notation for atomic mass
A
what is the nuclide notation for any element
X
what is a nucleon
a particle in the nucleus so the proton and neutron
what is a fundamental particle
a particle which can not be split up any further
how do you calculate specific charge
charge/mass
what is an atom with the same number of protons but different atomic mass called
an isotope
what in general causes a nuclei to be unstable
lots of neutrons in a nucleus
what is isotopic data
the amount of isotopes in a substance
name an example of how isotopic data can be used
calculating the date of biological matter using carbon-14
what are the forces inside of a nucleus
EM, gravitational and nuclear
How does gravitational force work inside of a nucleus
causes all the nucleons to attract one another due to their mass
how does EM forces work inside of a nucleus
causes the protons in the nucleus to repel one another
how does the nuclear force work inside of a nucleus
It holds the nucleus together as the EM force is way stronger that the gravitational force meaning there is another force holding the nucleus together; the nuclear force.
what is the nucleus’ diameter
1 Fm = 1 x 10^-15
what is the diameter of an atom
0.1nm = 1x10^-11 = 1 Angstrom
what is the range of nuclear forces for repulsion
0-0.5Fm= (1x10^-15)x0.5
what is the range of attraction nuclear forces for attraction
0.5-3Fm
what are the 4 types of decay
- alpha decay
- beta+ decay
- beta- decay
- gamma decay
why does decay happen (in terms of forces)
There is more of an electromagnetic force than nuclear force.
properties of alpha particles
- short range - few cm
- very ionising
- helium nuclei
what is ionisation
The process of gaining or losing an electron
what happens to the nucleon and proton number during alpha decay
nucleon number decreases by 4 and the proton number decreases by 2
what happens in Beta- decay
An electron is released from the nucleus along with aanti electron neutrino
what happens to the proton and neutron number during beta- decay
proton number increases and nucleon number stays the same
what is a neutrino
a very small particle that has some energy, no charge and almost 0 mass
what is an antiparticle
the opposite of a particle pretty much
- have the opposite charge if they have charge
- have the same mass
what is a photon
small packets of energy (energy being in the form of EM radiation
what is matter
anything which has a mass and volume
what is the equation for energy
E = hf
where E is energy
h is the planck’s constant
f is the frequency of light
what is 1 ev
an electron volt which is 1.6x10^-19 joules
what is the equation for beta+ decay
proton –> neutron + positron + electron neutrino
what is pair production
when a photon travel close to the nucleus of an atom causing the energy of the photon to be turned into a particle and its corresponding antiparticle
what are the 4 fundamental forces
- weak nuclear
- strong nuclear
- electromagnetic
- gravitons
what is the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and what particles get effected
w-/w+ bosons are the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and the particle that gets affected is all of em
what is the exchange particle for strong nuclear forces and what particles do they effect
pions is the exchange particle while the particle that gets affected is hadrons
what is the exchange particle for electromagnetic forces and what particle get affected by it
the exchange particle is virtual photons and the particle that gets affected is any particle with a charge
what is the exchange particle for beta - decay
W- bosons
what is the exchange particle for beta + decay
W+ Boson
What is electron capture
when a proton captures an inner electron turning into a neutron and a electron neutrino
what are some examples of weak interactions
Beta- decay, beta + decay, electron capture, annihilation of electron-proton,
what is the equation for proton-electron annihilation
p+e—>2 photons
What is the classification of particles
particles are split into 2 sub groups:
- hadrons
- leptons
Hadrons are split into 2 sub groups:
- muons
- baryons
what are examples of Leptons
- electrons
- muon
- neutrinos e.g electron neutrino
what are examples of baryons
- protons
- neutrons
what are examples of mesons
- kaon
- pion
What are baryons made up of
3 quirks
What are mesons made up of
a quirk and an anti quirk
