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a level physics > particles and radiation > Flashcards

particles and radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you calculate the relative charge/mass of a sub-atomic particle like a neutron

A

you divide the absolute mass/charge of said particle by the absolute mass/charge of a proton

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2
Q

what is charge measured in

A

Coulombs (C)

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3
Q

what is the nuclide notation for atomic number

A

Z

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4
Q

what is the nuclide notation for atomic mass

A

A

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5
Q

what is the nuclide notation for any element

A

X

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6
Q

what is a nucleon

A

a particle in the nucleus so the proton and neutron

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7
Q

what is a fundamental particle

A

a particle which can not be split up any further

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8
Q

how do you calculate specific charge

A

charge/mass

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9
Q

what is an atom with the same number of protons but different atomic mass called

A

an isotope

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10
Q

what in general causes a nuclei to be unstable

A

lots of neutrons in a nucleus

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11
Q

what is isotopic data

A

the amount of isotopes in a substance

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12
Q

name an example of how isotopic data can be used

A

calculating the date of biological matter using carbon-14

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13
Q

what are the forces inside of a nucleus

A

EM, gravitational and nuclear

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14
Q

How does gravitational force work inside of a nucleus

A

causes all the nucleons to attract one another due to their mass

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15
Q

how does EM forces work inside of a nucleus

A

causes the protons in the nucleus to repel one another

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16
Q

how does the nuclear force work inside of a nucleus

A

It holds the nucleus together as the EM force is way stronger that the gravitational force meaning there is another force holding the nucleus together; the nuclear force.

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17
Q

what is the nucleus’ diameter

A

1 Fm = 1 x 10^-15

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18
Q

what is the diameter of an atom

A

0.1nm = 1x10^-11 = 1 Angstrom

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19
Q

what is the range of nuclear forces for repulsion

A

0-0.5Fm= (1x10^-15)x0.5

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20
Q

what is the range of attraction nuclear forces for attraction

A

0.5-3Fm

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21
Q

what are the 4 types of decay

A
  • alpha decay
  • beta+ decay
  • beta- decay
  • gamma decay
22
Q

why does decay happen (in terms of forces)

A

There is more of an electromagnetic force than nuclear force.

23
Q

properties of alpha particles

A
  • short range - few cm
  • very ionising
  • helium nuclei
24
Q

what is ionisation

A

The process of gaining or losing an electron

25
Q

what happens to the nucleon and proton number during alpha decay

A

nucleon number decreases by 4 and the proton number decreases by 2

26
Q

what happens in Beta- decay

A

An electron is released from the nucleus along with aanti electron neutrino

27
Q

what happens to the proton and neutron number during beta- decay

A

proton number increases and nucleon number stays the same

28
Q

what is a neutrino

A

a very small particle that has some energy, no charge and almost 0 mass

29
Q

what is an antiparticle

A

the opposite of a particle pretty much
- have the opposite charge if they have charge
- have the same mass

30
Q

what is a photon

A

small packets of energy (energy being in the form of EM radiation

31
Q

what is matter

A

anything which has a mass and volume

32
Q

what is the equation for energy

A

E = hf
where E is energy
h is the planck’s constant
f is the frequency of light

33
Q

what is 1 ev

A

an electron volt which is 1.6x10^-19 joules

34
Q

what is the equation for beta+ decay

A

proton –> neutron + positron + electron neutrino

35
Q

what is pair production

A

when a photon travel close to the nucleus of an atom causing the energy of the photon to be turned into a particle and its corresponding antiparticle

36
Q

what are the 4 fundamental forces

A
  • weak nuclear
  • strong nuclear
  • electromagnetic
  • gravitons
37
Q

what is the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and what particles get effected

A

w-/w+ bosons are the exchange particle for weak nuclear forces and the particle that gets affected is all of em

38
Q

what is the exchange particle for strong nuclear forces and what particles do they effect

A

pions is the exchange particle while the particle that gets affected is hadrons

39
Q

what is the exchange particle for electromagnetic forces and what particle get affected by it

A

the exchange particle is virtual photons and the particle that gets affected is any particle with a charge

40
Q

what is the exchange particle for beta - decay

A

W- bosons

41
Q

what is the exchange particle for beta + decay

A

W+ Boson

42
Q

What is electron capture

A

when a proton captures an inner electron turning into a neutron and a electron neutrino

43
Q

what are some examples of weak interactions

A

Beta- decay, beta + decay, electron capture, annihilation of electron-proton,

44
Q

what is the equation for proton-electron annihilation

A

p+e—>2 photons

45
Q

What is the classification of particles

A

particles are split into 2 sub groups:
- hadrons
- leptons

Hadrons are split into 2 sub groups:
- muons
- baryons

46
Q

what are examples of Leptons

A
  • electrons
  • muon
  • neutrinos e.g electron neutrino
47
Q

what are examples of baryons

A
  • protons
  • neutrons
48
Q

what are examples of mesons

A
  • kaon
  • pion
49
Q

What are baryons made up of

A

3 quirks

50
Q

What are mesons made up of

A

a quirk and an anti quirk

51
Q
A

a level physics (4 decks)

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