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particles and radiation Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

define nucleons

A

the particles found within a NUCLEUS of an atom

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2
Q

describe the nuclide notation

A

letter X, on the left A on top and Z on the bottom

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3
Q

what does A in nuclide notation represent

A

NUCLEON number / MASS number
protons + neutrons
use to find MASS of atom

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4
Q

what does Z in nuclide notation represent

A

PROTON number / ATOMIC number
protons

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5
Q

define specific charge

A

the charge per unit of mass of an atom

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6
Q

specific charge equation

A

CHARGE / MASS

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7
Q

charge and mass of proton

A

charge: 1.6 x 10^ -19
mass: 1.67 x 10^ -27

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8
Q

charge and mass of neutron

A

charge: 0
mass: 1.67 x 10^ -27

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9
Q

charge and mass of electron

A

charge: -1.6 x 10^ -19
mass: 9.11 x 10^ -31

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10
Q

what numbers do you use in nuclide notation when finding specific charge

A

charge : bottom number (Z) PROTON number
mass : top number (A) NUCLEON number

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11
Q

unit of specific charge

A

ckg^ -1

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12
Q

beta minus decay converts what in to what

A

neutron in to a proton

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13
Q

what does beta minus decay emit

A

an electron and an antineutrino

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14
Q

what does beta minus decay do to the proton number of the new element

A

+1

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15
Q

what does beta minus decay do to the nucleon number of the new element

A

stays the same

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16
Q

numbers of the electron in beta minus decay

A

0
e
-1

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17
Q

beta plus decay converts what in to what

A

proton in to a neutron

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18
Q

what does beta plus decay emit

A

a positron and a neutrino

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19
Q

what does beta plus decay do to the proton number of the new element

A

-1

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20
Q

what does beta plus decay do to the nucleon number of the new element

A

stays the same

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21
Q

numbers of the electron in beta plus decay

A

0
e+
+1

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22
Q

do neutrinos and antineutrinos have mass?

A

no they are massless

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23
Q

what do neutrinos and antineutrinos carry

A

carry some of the energy and momentum

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24
Q

what does alpha decay emit

A

a helium nucleus

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25
Q

what happens to the nucleon number of the new element after alpha decay

A

-4

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26
Q

what happens to the proton number of the new element after alpha decay

A

-2

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27
Q

numbers of the helium nucleus emitted in alpha decay

A

4
He
2

28
Q

what holds the nucleus together

A

the strong nuclear force

29
Q

describe the different distances and the effect of the strong nuclear force at that distance

A

when 2 nucleons are 0.5fm apart the strong nuclear force is REPULSIVE
when 3fm apart the strong nuclear force is ATTRACTIVE
at a short range the strong nuclear force has NO EFFECT

30
Q

pair production converts what in to what

A

a gamma ray photon in to a particle and antiparticle

31
Q

what does a gamma ray photon have to have to perform pair production

A

its energy has to match the sum of the rest energies of the particle and the antiparticle

32
Q

how do you get eV to Joules

A

x 1.6 x 10^ -19

33
Q

how do you get Joules to eV

A

÷ 1.6 x 10^ -19

34
Q

name the antiparticle of a proton

A

antiproton

34
Q

name the antiparticle of an electron

A

positron

35
Q

name the antiparticle of a neutron

A

antineutron

36
Q

name the antiparticle of a neutrino

A

antineutrino

37
Q

where does pair production usually occur and why

A

near a nucleus to conserve momentum

38
Q

annihilation converts what in to what

A

particle and antiparticle in to two photons

39
Q

when does annihilation only occur

A

when the rest energy of the particle and antiparticle are the same

40
Q

how does annihilation conserve energy

A

has 2 photons which travel in opposite directions

41
Q

state a use of radioactive isotopes

A

carbon dating. the proportion of carbon-14 in a substance can be used to estimate its age

42
Q

rest energy of proton/antiproton

A

938.3 MeV

43
Q

rest energy of neutron/antineutron

A

939.6 MeV

44
Q

rest energy of electron/positron

A

0.511 MeV

45
Q

rest energy of neutrino/antineutrino

A

0 MeV

46
Q

Plank’s constant

A

6.63 x 10^ -34

47
Q

speed of light

A

3 x 10^8

48
Q

pair production equation

A

Emin = 2E0 = 2hf

49
Q

photon energy equation re-arranged for frequency

A

f = E0/h

50
Q

photon energy equation re-arranged for wavelength

A

λ = hc/E0

51
Q

what unit does rest energy need to be in before used in the photon energy equation

A

Joules

52
Q

define hadrons

A

particles that experience the strong nuclear force
Have 2-3 quarks

53
Q

what are the 2 types of hadrons

A

baryons
mesons

54
Q

define baryons

A

have 3 quarks
proton/antiproton, neutron/antineutron
Decay in to a proton, then a FREE proton

55
Q

state baryon numbers

A

baryon = +1
antibaryon = -1
non-baryon = 0

56
Q

define mesons

A

have 2 quarks
interact with baryons via the strong nuclear force
all unstable

57
Q

state the 2 types of mesons

A

pions
kaons

58
Q

define pions

A

MEDIATE strong nuclear force
lightest of mesons and unstable
π +, π −, π 0
π − is ANTIPARTICLE of π +

59
Q

define kaons

A

DECAY in to pions
heavier and more unstable than pions
short lifetime
have strangeness
K+, K−, K0
K- is ANTIPARTICLE of K+

60
Q

define lepton

A

particles that DO NOT feel the strong nuclear force
0 quarks

61
Q

state the leptons

A

electron/positron
neutrino/antineutrino
muon/antimuon
muon neutrino/anti muon neutrino

62
Q

state the lepton numbers for electron and positron

A

+1
-1

63
Q

state the lepton numbers for neutrino and antineutrino

A

+1
-1

64
Q

state the lepton numbers for muon and antimuon

A

+1
-1

65
Q

state the lepton numbers for muon neutrino and anti muon neutrino

A

+1
-1

66
Q

what does a muon decay into

A

electron, anti-electron neutrino, muon neutrino

physics (6 decks)

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