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A level - Physics > Particles And Radiation > Flashcards

Particles And Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What do atoms consist of?

A

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

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2
Q

What is the relative mass’ of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?

A

Proton: 1
Neutron: 1
Electron: 0.0005

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3
Q

What is the relative charge of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?

A

Proton: +1
Neutron: 0
Electron: -1

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4
Q

What is the Mass of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?

A

Protons: 1.6x10^-27
Neutrons: 1.6x10^-27
Electrons: 9..1x10^-31

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5
Q

What is the charge of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons?

A

Protons: +1.6x10^-19
Neutrons: 0
Electrons: -1.6x10^-19

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6
Q

What is specific charge?

A

The charge to mass ratio

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7
Q

What range is the strong nuclear force an attractive force?

A

Between 0.5fm and 3fm

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8
Q

When is the strong nuclear force a repulsive force?

A

When the range is less than 0.5fm

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9
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

It holds together nucleons by overcoming electrostatic repulsion between positively charged protons.

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10
Q

What is Beta minus decay?

A

Beta minus decay is when a neutron turns into a proton. It then emits an electron and an electron antineutrino.

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11
Q

What is Beta plus decay?

A

Beta plus decay is when a proton turns into a neutron. It also emits a positron and an electron neutrino.

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12
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

Alpha decay is when a helium nucleus is emitted, often referred to as an alpha particle.

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13
Q

How do you work out the energy of a photon?

A

Energy of a photon = Plank’s constant x Speed/ Wavelength

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14
Q

What speed to photons travel at?

A

The speed of light 3.00x10^8

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15
Q

How are antiparticles similar and different to their normal counterparts?

A

They have the same mass and the same rest energy.
They have opposite charges and opposite quantum numbers.

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16
Q

What will happen to an antiparticle and a normal particle if they collide?

A

A particle and the corresponding anti-particle would annihilate each other in an annihilation reaction which will release two photons. The photons must go in two seperate directions to conserve momentum.

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17
Q

What is pair production?

A

A photon interacts with a nucleus and its energy is converted into the mass of a particle and its corresponding anti particle.

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18
Q

What are the four fundamental interactions?

A

Weak nuclear, strong nuclear, electromagnetic interaction and gravity.

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19
Q

What are exchange particles?

A

Force carriers for the fundamental forces. They transfer energy, momentum, force and sometimes charge. Size determines the range. Larger = shorter range.

20
Q

What do Feynman diagrams do?

A

They show particle interactions. Time moves from bottom to the top.

21
Q

What is the boson and particle affected by the strong force?

A

Boson: Pions
Particles affected: Hadrons

22
Q

What is the boson and particle affected by the electromagnetic force?

A

Boson: Virtual photon
Particles affected: Charged particles

23
Q

What is the boson and particle affected by the weak nuclear force?

A

Boson: W- and W+
Particles affected: All types

24
Q

What is electron capture?

A

A proton captures an inner shell electron and turns into a neutron and electron neutrino.

25
Q

What is electron - proton collision?

A

A proton and an electron collide and W- boson particle is exchanged. The electron turns into an electron neutrino and the proton turns into a neutron.

26
Q

Hadrons

A

They interact using the strong force and are made of quarks.

27
Q

Baryons

A

They are made from 3 quarks (anti baryons are made from 3 anti-quarks) and all decay into a proton, the only stable baryon. (Protons and neutrons)

28
Q

Mesons

A

Made from a quark and an antiquark. They include pions and heavier kaons which decay into pions.

29
Q

Leptons

A

Fundamental particles that don’t interact with strong interaction, only the weak interaction.

30
Q

Types of lepton

A

Electrons are stable leptons. Muons are heavier leptons which decay into electrons. Neutrinos which include electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos. They have almost no mass and no charge.

31
Q

What is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of an UP quark?

A

Charge: +2/3
Baryon number: +1/3
Strangeness: 0

32
Q

What is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of a DOWN quark?

A

Charge: -1/3
Baryon number: +1/3
Strangeness: 0

33
Q

What is the charge, baryon number and strangeness of a STRANGE quark?

A

Charge: -1/3
Baryon number: +1/3
Strangeness: -1

34
Q

What particle has strangeness?

A

Kaons K+ and K0 is +1
K- and anti-K0 is -1

35
Q

How are strange particles created?

A

They are created through the strong interaction and in pairs.

36
Q

How do strange particles decay?

A

They decay through the weak interaction.

37
Q

What is the photoelectric effect?

A

The process by which a metal with photons incident on it emits electrons.

38
Q

When would no photoelectrons be released?

A

If the radiations frequency is not above the threshold frequency.

39
Q

What is the threshold frequency?

A

The frequency at which the photon has energy equal to the work function, the minimum amount of energy needed for an electron to be emitted.

40
Q

What can differ between released photoelectrons?

A

Kinetic energy. The value of max KE increases with the frequency of the incident photons.

41
Q

How does the number of photoelectrons released per second increase?

A

The number of photoelectrons will increase per second as the intensity increases.

42
Q

What is ionisation?

A

It is when an electron is released from an atom.

43
Q

What is excitation?

A

It is the movement of electrons up to a higher energy level; either an electron collides with an orbital electron or a photon is absorbed by it. Transferring energy to it.

44
Q

What is an emission and absorption spectra?

A

Where you can see the frequency of photons that certain elements emit. You can see what frequency photons certain elements absorb.

45
Q

Where can wave like nature of light be seen?

A

When diffraction takes place when light passes through a narrow slit. (Wave particle duality)

46
Q

Where can the particle like nature of light be seen?

A

The photoelectric effect as energy is received in discrete packets which are called photons. (Wave particle duality)

A level - Physics (7 decks)

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