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Physics > Particles and Radiation > Flashcards

Particles and Radiation Flashcards

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Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1.6x10^-19

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2
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1.6x10^-19

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3
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0

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4
Q

What is the mass of a proton?

A

1.67x10^-27

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5
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

1.67x10^-27

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6
Q

What is the mass of an electron?

A

9.11x10^-31

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7
Q

What is specific charge?

A

The ratio of charge to mass

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8
Q

What is the equation for specific charge?

A

Charge / mass

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9
Q

What are the four forces that act inside the nucleus?

A

Strong force
Electromagnetic force
Gravitational force
Weak force

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10
Q

What is the relative strength of the strong force?

A

1

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11
Q

What is the relative strength of the weak force?

A

10^-6

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12
Q

What is the relative strength of the electromagnetic force?

A

1 / 137

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13
Q

What is the relative strength of the gravitational force?

A

10^-39

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14
Q

What is the range of the strong force?

A

3 fm or 10^-15

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15
Q

What is the range of the electromagnetic force?

A

Infinite

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16
Q

What is the range of the weak force?

A

10^-18

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17
Q

What is the range of the gravitational force?

A

Infinite

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18
Q

When can alpha decay occur?

A

Occurs only in large atoms because they are unstable.

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19
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons

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20
Q

What letter can be used to represent the nucleon number?

A

A

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21
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

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22
Q

What is a radioisotope?

A

An isotope that is radioactive.

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23
Q

What is carbon-14 used in?

A

Carbon dating.

24
Q

What is specific charge used in?

A

Mass spectrometry to identify nuclei.

25
Q

What are the units of specific charge?

A

Ckg^-1

26
Q

What is each type of nucleus called?

A

A nuclide

27
Q

What is 1fm in m?

A

1x10^-15 m

28
Q

What does the strong force act between?

A

Nucleons (e.g. protons and neutrons)

29
Q

Is the strong force attractive or repulsive?

A

Both

30
Q

Why is the strong force both attractive and repulsive?

A

Otherwise the nucleus would collapse or explode.

31
Q

When is the strong force attractive?

A

> 0.5fm

32
Q

When is the strong force repulsive?

A

<0.5fm

33
Q

For light nuclei, what is the ratio of protons to neutrons?

A

Proton number = Neutron number.
The two particles must exist together

34
Q

For heavy nuclei, what is the ratio of protons to neutrons?

A

More neutrons that protons (and very large nuclei and radioactive)

35
Q

What is equilibrium separation?

A

A point where the resultant force is 0 and the attractive and repulsive forces balance.

36
Q

What force is responsible for beta decay?

A

The weak force.

37
Q

How strong is the weak force?

A

1 millionth the value of the strong force.

38
Q

How does the range of the weak force compare with that of the strong force?

A

It has a smaller range.

39
Q

What does the weak force act on?

A

Hadrons and leptons.

40
Q

What is annihilation?

A

It is where a particle and its corresponding anti-particle collide, and as a result their masses are converted into energy.

41
Q

What is an application of annihilation?

A

PET scanner (Allows 3D images of inside the body to be taken)
- It is done by introducing a positron-emitting radioisotope into the patient. As positrons are released, the positrons annihilate with electrons already in the patients system, emitting gamma photons which can easily be detected.

42
Q

What is pair production?

A

It is where a photon is converted into an equal amount of matter and antimatter.

42
Q

What is the equation for electron capture?

A

proton + electron –> neutron + electron neutrino

Exchange particle is W+

43
Q

What is the equation for electron-proton collision?

A

proton + electron –> neutron + electron neutrino

Exchange particle is W-

43
Q

What is the equation for beta minus decay?

A

neutron –> proton + electron + anti-electron neutrino

Exchange particle is W-

43
Q

What is the equation for beta plus decay?

A

proton –> neutron + positron + electron neutrino

Exchange particle is W+

44
Q

Do leptons experience the strong nuclear force?

A

No only hadrons feel the strong force.

45
Q

What is a baryon?

A

A particle made up of 3 quarks.

46
Q

What is a meson?

A

A particle made up of 1 quark and 1 anti-quark.

47
Q

What are the 4 laws of conservation?

A
  • Charge must be conserved
  • Lepton number must be conserved
  • Baryon number must be conserved
  • Strangeness must be conserved in strong interactions but can be, 0, +1, or -1 in weak interactions.
48
Q

What is the quark composition of π+ ?

A

_
ud

49
Q

What is the quark composition of π0 ?

A

uu or dd or ss

50
Q

What is the quark composition of π- ?

A

_
du

51
Q

What is the quark composition of k+ ?

A

_
us

52
Q

What is the quark composition of k0 ?

A

_
ds

53
Q

What is the quark composition of k- ?

A

_
us

Physics (13 decks)

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