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Particles Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

An electrically neutral collection of electrons, protons and neutrons. The number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.

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2
Q

Element

A

A substance that can’t be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances.

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3
Q

Nucleon

A

A particle that makes up the nucleus- either a proton or a neutron.

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4
Q

Nucleon number (A)

A

The total number of nucleons in the nucleus (protons + neutrons) - mass number

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5
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has gained or lost one or more outer electrons leaving its charge unbalanced

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6
Q

Nuclide

A

The nucleus of a unique atom that is one with a specific number of protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Isotope

A

Elements with different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. Have similar properties to the element but are normally radioactive

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8
Q

Proton number (Z)

A

The total number of protons present in the nucleus - atomic number

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9
Q

Specific charge formula

A

Actual charge / actual mass

Total protons) x (charge of proton)/(number of nucleons)x(mass of nucleon

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10
Q

Specific charge of an atom

A

0

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11
Q

What has the biggest specific charge? A proton or an electron?

A

Electron.

They have a smaller mass than a proton (sc=charge/mass)

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12
Q

Strong nuclear force

A

Force which holds the nucleus together and stops protons from repelling

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13
Q

What is alpha decay?

A

A helium nucleus of +2 charge and mass of 4AMU
(2 protons 2 neutrons)

Happens in atom with very large mass number

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14
Q

What is beta minus decay?

A

A fast moving electron of single negative charge and mass 1/1860 AMU.
(n > p + e)

Happens in a neutron rich nucleus

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15
Q

What is beta plus decay?

A

p > n + e(+)

Happens in a proton rich nucleus

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16
Q

What is gamma decay?

A

A photon of energy (wave) with no charge or mass. Released to channel away energy (get rid of excess energy).

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17
Q

What is a neutrino?

A

Has no charge and a very small mass. Millions pass through your body every second but don’t interact

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18
Q

How does light travel?

A

As photons (packets of energy)

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19
Q

Formula for energy of a photon

A

E = hf
or
E=hc/wavelength

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20
Q

What is an antiparticle?

A

Every particle has an antiparticle which has the same mass but the opposite charge

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21
Q

1MeV in joules?

A

1.6x10-13 J

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22
Q

What is rest energy?

A

The amount of energy needed to make one of these particles/ the amount of energy released is the particle is destroyed

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23
Q

What is annihilation?

A

If a particle and its antiparticle meet they destroy each other and produce photons of energy

24
Q

What is pair production?

A

Making a particle and its antiparticle with enough energy (normally from a gamma photon)

25
Q

What is the electromagnetic force?

A

Force between 2 charged objects due to the exchange of virtual photons (attraction and repulsion). One particle emits and the other absorbs it (exchanging momentum).

26
Q

What does the electromagnetic force act on?

A

Quarks, charged leptons, W+ W-

27
Q

What is the weak nuclear force?

A

Force created in radioactive decay of subatomic particles. Mediated by W+ or W- bosons

28
Q

What does the weak nuclear force act on?

A

Quarks and leptons

29
Q

What is the strong nuclear force?

A

It holds the nucleus together, stops protons from repelling and stops protons and neutrons from squashing into each other.

30
Q

What is the strong nuclear force carried by?

A

Gluons

31
Q

What does the strong nuclear force act on?

A

Quarks and gluons

32
Q

Feynman diagram for B- decay

A

n -> p + e- + Ve_

Occurs via weak interaction

Mediated by W- boson

33
Q

B+ decay

A

P -> n + e+ + Ve

Occurs via weak interaction

Mediated by W+ boson

34
Q

Electron capture

A

P + e- -> n + Ve

Occurs qua weak interaction
Mediated by W+ boson

35
Q

Neutrino-neutron collision

A

N + Ve -> p + e-

Occurs via weak interaction
W- boson

36
Q

Antineutrino-proton collision

A

P + Ve_ -> n + e+

Weak interaction
W+ boson

37
Q

Electron-proton collision

A

e- + p -> n + Ve

Weak
W- boson

38
Q

Quark

A

A fundamental and subatomic particle that combines with other quarks to form hadrons

39
Q

Lepton

A

A subatomic particle which doesn’t take part in strong interactions (electron, muon, tau or neutrino)

Light and fundamental
Experience weak force
If charged interact via weak/electromagnetic

40
Q

Gauge bosons

A

Force carriers. Elementary particle interact by exchange of gauge bosons.

41
Q

What are the quark flavours?

A

Up + down
Charm + strange
Top + bottom

42
Q

What is the quark structure of a proton?

A

uud

43
Q

What is the quark structure of a neutron?

A

udd

44
Q

What is the general quark structure of Baryons?

A

3 quarks

45
Q

What is he general quark structure of anti-baryons?

A

3 anti-quarks

46
Q

What is the general quark structure of mesons?

A

Quark- antiquark pair

47
Q

What is a hadron?

A

Have quarks inside
Heavy, not fundamental
Experience strong force but decay via weak force

48
Q

What is a baryon?

A

Bigger hadron (proton or neutron)

49
Q

What is a meson?

A

Medium hadron (pi mesons, k mesons)

50
Q

What is the conservation of charge?

A

Q before = Q after

51
Q

What is the conservation of lepton number?

A

L before = L after

52
Q

What is the conservation of baryon number?

A

B before = B after

53
Q

What is the conservation of strangeness?

A

Strangeness is conserved in strong and electromagnetic interactions.

Not conserved in weak interactions (increases/decreases by 1)

54
Q

1fm in m?

A

X10-15 m

55
Q

Formula for total energy

A

Total energy = number of photons x energy of one photon

56
Q

What quantity changes continuously in moving from the bottom to the top of a Feynman diagram?

A

Time

Physics As (1 decks)

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