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1
Q

Why are the isotopes of an element virtually identical in their chemical reactions?

A

Because they have the same number of protons and same number of electrons

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2
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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3
Q

What are A, X and Z symbols for in terms of the structure of an atom?

A 
A= number of protons and neutrons (nucleons)
X= chemical symbol
Z= number of protons
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4
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

1.6 x 10^-19 C

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5
Q

Natural samples of elements are often what?

A

A mixture of isotopes

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6
Q

What happens in annihilation?

A

Two particles destroy each other

Mass is converted to energy in the form of 2 gamma ray photons

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7
Q

What is an electron’s antiparticle?

A

A positron

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8
Q

When does annihilation happen?

A

When a particle and its antiparticle meet

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9
Q

What are the properties of a particle and its antiparticle?

A

Same mass
Opposite charge
Spin in opposite directions

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10
Q

What is the isotope of hydrogen that has 1 neutron?

A

Deuterium

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11
Q

What is roughly the diameter of a nucleus of an atom?

A

10^-15 m

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12
Q

Why do nuclei with a Z number above 20 need more neutrons to be stable?

A

Between protons there is repulsion from the electromagnetic force
Between nucleons the strong nuclear force is holding them together
More nuclear force is needed to hold nucleons together without them repelling

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13
Q

What effect do uncharged neutrons have on chemical properties?

A

They make little difference to chemical properties

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14
Q

What are beta-plus particles?

A

Fast moving positrons emitted by unstable proton-rich nuclei

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15
Q

What is the equation for electron capture?

A

Proton + electron –» neutron + electron neutrino

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16
Q

What is the electron’s mass compared to protons and neutrons?

A

About 2000 times less than that of a proton or neutron.

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17
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1.6 x 10^-19 C

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18
Q

What is the equation for beta plus decay?

A

Proton –» neutron + positron+ electron neutrino

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19
Q

Which interaction is involved in electron capture?

A

The weak interaction

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20
Q

Which interaction is involved with beta plus decay?

A

The weak interaction

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21
Q

What is the baryon number of a proton?

A

1

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22
Q

What is the baryon number of an electron?

A

0

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23
Q

What is the baryon number of a neutron?

A

1

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24
Q

What is the baryon number of an electron neutrino?

A

0

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25
Q

What is the baryon number of a positron?

A

0

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26
Q

What is the lepton number of a proton?

A

0

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27
Q

What is the lepton number of an electron?

A

1

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28
Q

What is the lepton number of a neutron?

A

0

29
Q

What is the lepton number of an electron neutrino?

A

1

30
Q

What is the lepton number of a positron?

A

-1

31
Q

What is the strangeness of a K+ ?

A

1

32
Q

What is the strangeness of a pion?

A

0

33
Q

An alpha particle consists of what?

A

Two protons and two neutrons

34
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do in the nucleus?

A

It overcomes the repulsive electrostatic force between the protons in the nucleus

35
Q

Define an antibaryon

A

A hadron consisting of three antiquarks

36
Q

Define a baryon

A

A hadron consisting of three quarks

37
Q

What are beta minus particles?

A

Fast moving electrons emitted by unstable neutron-rich nuclei

38
Q

What is the structure of an alpha particle?

A

2 protons and 2 neutrons

39
Q

What do A, Z and N stand for and what is the equation relating them?

A

A is nucleon number
Z is proton number
N is neutron number
A = N + Z

40
Q

Why do stable nuclei not disintegrate?

A

Because the strong nuclear force holds them together.

41
Q

Uncharged neutrons affect what?

A

Physical properties such as a melting point and density.

42
Q

What is an isotope of hydrogen with 2 neutrons?

A

Tritium

43
Q

Nuclei with Z number above 20 need what?

A

More neutrons to be stable.

44
Q

An atom consists of what?

A

A central positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

45
Q

Charge : mass ratio is known as what?

A

Specific charge

46
Q

What is the equation for the specific charge of a nucleus?

A

(no. of protons x charge of 1 proton)/ ((no. of protons and neutrons) x mass of proton)

47
Q

The diameter of an atom is roughly what?

A

10^-10m

48
Q

Specific charge = ?

A

charge/mass

49
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Elements with the same Z number but different A numbers.

50
Q

What is the equation for the specific charge of an ion which has lost electrons?

A

(Number of excess protons x charge of 1 proton)/(((number of protons and neutrons) x mass of one proton) + (number of electrons x mass of 1 electron))

51
Q

What numbers are written above and below the beta sign?

A

Top: 0
Bottom: -1

52
Q

Where is the strong nuclear force attractive?

A

From 0.3 to 3-4 fm

53
Q

The strong nuclear force is repulsive up to what?

A

Up to 0.5 fm

54
Q

The strong nuclear force has a range of what?

A

3-4 fm

55
Q

What do kaons decay into?

A

Pions

56
Q

What is the mass number and atomic number of an electron?

A

Mass number 0

Proton/atomic number -1

57
Q

What is the general quark structure of a pion?

A

Quark and antiquark

58
Q

What is the only stable baryon?

A

Proton

59
Q

If strangeness is not conserved then what interaction is it?

A

Weak interaction

60
Q

What is the quark structure of a proton?

A

Up, up, down.

61
Q

What are the numbers written above the symbol for a position/beta plus particle

A

Top: 0
Bottom: 1

62
Q

What is the quark composition of a neutron?

A

Up, down, down.

63
Q

Which interaction uses the virtual photon?

A

Electromagnetic

64
Q

What is the rule about baryons and leptons in Feynman diagram?

A

They can’t cross from one side to the other ( left to right or vice versa)

65
Q

What is the type of interaction responsible for electron capture?

A

Weak interaction

66
Q

Hadrons are split into what?

A

Baryons and mesons

67
Q

Why don’t electrons/positrons and neutrinos/antineutrinos decay?

A

Because they are stable.

68
Q

What distinguishes leptons from other particles?

A

They experience the weak interaction.

AS Physics (7 decks)

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