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Particles Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the mass and charge of a proton?

A

Mass: 1.67(3) * 10^(-27) kg
Charge: + 1.6 * 10^(-19) C

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2
Q

What is the mass and charge of a neutron?

A

Mass: 1.67(5) * 10^(-27) kg
Charge: 0

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3
Q

What is the mass and charge of an electron?

A

Mass: 9.11 * 10^(-31) kg
Charge: - 1.6 * 10^(-19) C

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4
Q

What is ionisation?

A

When an atom gains or loses electrons.

If it loses electrons, it becomes +ve.
If it gains electrons, it becomes -ve.

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5
Q

What is the formula for specific charge?

A

Specific Charge = Charge / Mass

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6
Q

What are the units for specific charge?

A

C kg^(-1)

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7
Q

What is the charge of an atom?

A

0

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8
Q

Which part of an atom has the largest magnitude of specific charge?

A

Electron

Electrons have the same magnitude of charge as protons, but less mass.

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9
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms with the same proton number, but a different number of neutrons.

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10
Q

Which force holds the nucleus together?

A

Strong Nuclear Force

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11
Q

How does the strength of the strong nuclear force vary with nucleon separation?

A
  • Below 0.5fm, it is repulsive.
  • Between 0.5 and 3fm, it is attractive.
  • Above 3fm, it is zero/has no effect. R. Negligible
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12
Q

What is 1eV in Joules?

A

1.6 * 10^(-19) J

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13
Q

What are the three types of elementary particles?

A

Quarks, leptons and bosons.

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14
Q

What are the three types of quarks (at A-Level)?

A

Up, down, strange.

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15
Q

What are the three types of leptons (at A-level?

A

Electrons, muons, neutrinos (electron and muon neutrinos).

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16
Q

What are hadrons?

A
  • Particles made of quarks.
  • Experience the strong interaction.
  • Include baryons + mesons.
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17
Q

What are leptons?

A
  • Elementary particles.
  • Do not experience the strong force.
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18
Q

What are baryons?

A

Particles made of 3 quarks or 3 antiquarks.

19
Q

What is the only stable baryon?

A

Proton

20
Q

What is the quark composition of protons?

A

uud

21
Q

What is the quark composition of neutrons?

A

udd

22
Q

What is a Σ particle?

A

A baryon containing a strange quark.

23
Q

What are mesons?

A

Particles made of a quark-antiquark pair.

24
Q

What are kaons?

A

Mesons that contain a strange quark.

25
Q

What is an antiparticle?

A

A particle with the same mass as the standard particle, but with opposite charge (and baryon/lepton number where applicable).

26
Q

What are the three types of interaction?

A

Strong, weak and electromagnetic.

27
Q

Which particles does the strong interaction affect?

A

Hadrons

28
Q

Which particles does the weak interaction affect?

A
  • Hadrons + leptons
  • Hadron decay
29
Q

Which particles does the electromagnetic interaction affect?

A

Charged particles

30
Q

What is the exchange particle for the strong interaction?

A

Pion/Gluon

31
Q

What is the exchange particle for the weak interaction?

A

W+ or W- Boson

32
Q

What is the exchange particle for the electromagnetic interaction?

A

Virtual Photon

33
Q

What must be conserved in strong interactions?

A
  • Charge
  • Baryon Number
  • Lepton Number
  • Strangeness

Mass and momentum must also be conserved.

34
Q

What must be conserved in the weak interaction?

A
  • Charge
  • Baryon Number
  • Lepton Number

Mass and momentum must also be conserved.

35
Q

What doesn’t need to be conserved in the weak interaction?

A

Strangeness

36
Q

What are the three types of decay?

A

Alpha, beta and gamma.

37
Q

Which nucleus is an alpha particle the same as?

A

Helium nucleus

38
Q

What is the nucleon number and proton number of an alpha particle?

A

Nucleon Number: 4
Proton Number: 2

39
Q

What is a β- particle?

A

A high speed electron.

β+ particles are high-speed positrons.

40
Q

What is the equation for β- decay?

A

Neutron → Proton + β- + Anti-electron neutrino

41
Q

Why was the neutrino hypothesised?

A

To account for missing energy in β decay.

42
Q

What is the strangeness of a strange quark?

A

-1

Antistrange quarks have a strangeness of +1.

43
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle meets its antiparticle, their mass is converted into two photons.

44
Q

What is pair production?

A

When a photon has enough energy (the combined rest mass of the particles) to create a particle and its corresponding antiparticle.

Physics Flashcards (9 decks)

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