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Particles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fundamental particle?

A

A particle that cannot be broken down any further

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2
Q

What are the properties of up quarks?

A

Charge: +2/3
Strangeness: 0

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3
Q

What are the properties of down quarks?

A

Charge: -1/3
Strangeness: 0

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4
Q

What are the properties of strange quarks?

A

Charge: -1/3
Strangeness: -1

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5
Q

What are the properties of anti-up quarks?

A

Charge: -2/3
Strangeness: 0

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6
Q

What are the properties of anti-down quarks?

A

Charge: +1/3
Strangeness: 0

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7
Q

What are the properties of anti-strange quarks?

A

Charge: +1/3
Strangeness: +1

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8
Q

What are protons made of?

A

3 quarks: uud
[electron is a fundamental particle]

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9
Q

What are neutrons made of?

A

udd quarks

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10
Q

What is the definition of specific charge?

A

The charge per unit mass for a particle

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11
Q

What is the definition of Isotope?

A

Different versions of the same element; has SAME number of PROTONS but DIFFERENT number of NEUTRONS

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12
Q

What is the strong nuclear force and what are its features?

A

Keeps nucleus stable

Features:
-Short range attraction of 3fm
-Repulsion range of 0.5 fm

[freeform]

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13
Q

What happens in Beta+ emissions?

A

-Unstable proton turns into a neutron (weak nuclear force causes a change in quark structure)

-positron and neutrino are emitted to conserve charge and energy

[Beta+ emissions is not natural; they’re manmade]

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14
Q

What happens in Beta- emissions?

A

-Unstable neutron turns into a proton (weak nuclear force causes a change in quark structure)

-electron and anti-neutrino are emitted to conserve charge and energy

[they have nearly zero mass and charge]

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15
Q

What happens after alpha decay?

A

Gamma radiation is produced

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16
Q

What are gauge bosons?

A

aka exchange particles; they’re particles that mediate forces

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17
Q

What are the gauge bosons?

A
  • gluon - the strong nuclear force
  • Photon- Mediates EM force
  • W+,W-,Z^0 - the weak nuclear force
  • graviton - for gravity
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18
Q

What are leptons?

A

‘The light ones’ , they’re all fundamental and it contains 3 families:

-Electron family
-Tau family
-Muon family

19
Q

What are the particles in the electron family?

A
  • e- -electron
  • Ve- neutrino
  • Ve- - anti neutrino
  • e+ - positron
20
Q

What are the particles in the Tau family?

A
  1. tauons: (τ-)
  2. anti-tau neutrino: (ν̄ₜ)
  3. anti-tauons: (τ+)
    - tau neutrino: (νₜ)
21
Q

What are the particles in the muon family?

A
  • Muon: (μ-)
  • anti-muon neutrino: (ν̄ₘ)
  • anti muon: (μ+)
  • muon neutrino: (νₘ)
22
Q

What are hadrons?

A

‘The heavy ones’ and has 2 families:

Baryons and Mesons

23
Q

What are mesons made from?

A

A quark and an anti-quark

24
Q

What are the particles in Mesons?

A

Pions and Kaons

25
Q

What are the symbols for pions?

A
  1. π0 = neutral pions
  2. π+ = positively charged pions
  3. π- = negatively charged pions
26
Q

What are the symbols for kaons?

A

-k+= postively charged kaon
-K- = negatively charged kaon
- k^0= neutral kaon
- k-^0= negatively charged neutral kaon?

27
Q

What are baryons made from?

A

3 quarks or anti-quarks

28
Q

What particles are in the baryon family?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Lamda
Sigma
Omega

29
Q

What are the symbols for the baryon family?

A

Proton: P, P- (anti-proton)
Neutron: N, N- (anti-neutron)
Omega: [Ω-]
Lamda: [Λ⁰] [Λ̄⁰] (anti-lamda)
Sigma: Σ⁺,Σ⁰,Σ⁻

30
Q

How do omega, sigma and lamda come to existence?

A

Only exist during high energy environments eg cosmic rays, particle accelerator ;only exist for a fraction of a second

31
Q

What are quanta?

A

Photons which carry a quantity of energy

32
Q

How to go from eV to J?

A

To go from electron volts to joules, you multiply the value by 1.6 x 10^-19

33
Q

What is pair production?

A

It’s when during an even that causes energy to turn into mass [possible coz of e=mc^2] you get equal matter and anti-matter

34
Q

What are the requirements for pair production?

A

You need enough energy to create the particle and its corresponding anti-particle

[Particles and their corresponding antiparticles have the exact same properties but just different charge]

35
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle meets its antiparticle
In layman’s terms it explodes
all mass is converted into energy [2 gamma ray photons]

36
Q

How do you detect particles using a cloud chamber?

A

One way is using a cloud chamber. The cloud chamber is filled with alcohol saturated gas ; there’s a strong magnetic field which curves the path of particles which we can use to detect charge. This exploits the ionisation effect of the saturated material making liquid condense which leaves a trail.

37
Q

How do you detect particle using a bubble chamber?

A

The bubble chamber is filled with superheated liquid hydrogen ; there’s a strong magnetic field which curves the path of particles which we can use to detect charge. This exploits the ionisation effect of the saturated material making liquid condense which leaves a trail.

38
Q

What needs to be conserved during particle interaction?

A

Momentum, Lepton number, Baryon number , Strangeness and Charge

[if just one of these are not conserved then the interaction cannot happen]

39
Q

What must a baryon number add up to?

A

Either 1 or -1

[all quarks and antiquarks have a baryon number{leptons don’t coz they’re fundamental particles}]

40
Q

Does strangeness always need to be conserved?

A

No; In interactions involving the strong nuclear force , strangeness MUST be conserved whereas in weak interactions strangeness CAN be conserved , or it can change by +-1

41
Q

Which quarks have strangeness?

A

ALl quarks/anti-quarks have strangeness=0

Only the strange and anti-strange quark has strangesness

[strange= -1] [anti-strange= 1]

42
Q

What are examples of weak interactions?

A

Beta decay and Beta+ decay

[weak interactions can also be indicated by a change in quark structure]

43
Q

How does baryon numbers work?

A

Quarks themselves do not have baryon numbers, however when three of them make a particle, then that particle has a baryon number of +1 and vice versa. However, there needs to be three, Therefore because mesons have a quark and antiquark then it wouldn’t have a baryon number. Furthermore, leptons are fundamental particles therefore, they’re not composed of quarks thus they have no baryon number.

Physics (5 decks)

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