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1
Q

What are the three constituents of an atom? (3)

A

Proton, Neutron, Electron

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2
Q

What is the relative mass of a Proton?

A

1

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3
Q

What is the relative mass of a Neutron?

A

1

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4
Q

What is the relative mass of an Electron?

A

1/1830

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5
Q

What are the units for Specific Charge?

A

CKg-1

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6
Q

What is the equation for Specific Charge?

A

Q/m

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7
Q

What is a Nucleon?

A

A particle in the nucleus

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8
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Versions of the same element, they have the same proton number but different number of neutrons

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9
Q

What is another name for the Mass Number?

A

Nucleon number

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10
Q

What is another name for the Proton Number?

A

Atomic number

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11
Q

What is the Strong Nuclear Force?

A

An attractive force between nucleons

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12
Q

What is the range of the Strong Nuclear Force?

A

~ 3 fm

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13
Q

What does Strong Nuclear force do in an atom?

A

Overcomes the repulsion between positive protons and holds the nucleus together

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14
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do at short ranges?

A

Becomes a repulsive force

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15
Q

At what range does strong nuclear force become repulsive?

A

~ 0.5 fm

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16
Q

Why does the strong nuclear force become repulsive at close range?

A

To stop the nucleus from collapsing in on itself

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17
Q

What is an alpha particle made up of? (2)

A

2 Protons, 2 Neutrons

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18
Q

What is an Alpha Particle the same as?

A

A helium nucleus

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19
Q

How fast is an Alpha compared to Gamma and beta?

A

Slowest

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20
Q

What is the charge of an Alpha Particle?

A

2+

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21
Q

What does the 2+ charge mean an Alpha is?

A

Strongly ionising

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22
Q

What is a Beta Particle?

A

1 electron

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23
Q

How fast is Beta compared to Alpha and Gamma?

A

Faster not fastest

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24
Q

What is the charge of a Beta Particle?

A

-1

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25
Q

What do we write for Beta’s atomic/proton number?

A

-1

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26
Q

What does the -1 charge mean a Beta Particle is?

A

Weakly ionising

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27
Q

How does a Beta Particle ionise?

A

By pushing/repelling electrons off atoms

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28
Q

How is a Beta Particle created?

A

A neutron turns into a proton and an electron (beta)

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29
Q

n -> ? + ?

A

p + β

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30
Q

Where does Beta Decay occur?

A

Proton rich nuclei

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31
Q

Where does Alpha Decay occur?

A

Large Nuclei

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32
Q

Which type of decay happens in neutron-rich nuclei?

A

β-, neutron emitter

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33
Q

Which type of decay happens in proton-rich nuclei?

A

β+, electron capture

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34
Q

How are Alpha Particles emitted from the nucleus?

A

The repelling of the other protons overcomes the strong nuclear force and pushes it out

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35
Q

In a Cloud Chamber what qualities do Alpha trails share, and why?

A

Length, because all alpha have the same kinetic energy

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36
Q

For Beta trails, do they share length, and why?

A

They don’t share length, they have varying kinetic energy, but the parent nucleus still loses the same energy

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37
Q

What explains the extra energy lost in Beta Decay?

A

The antineutrino

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38
Q

What qualities do corresponding Particles and Antiparticles share?

A

Rest mass and rest energy

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39
Q

What qualities do corresponding Particles and Antiparticles do not share?

A

Charge, baryon, lepton and strangeness numbers are opposite

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40
Q

What is an electron volt (eV)?

A

The work done by an electric field when accelerating an electron through a potential difference of 1 volt

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41
Q

Is an eV big or small?

A

Small

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42
Q

How many eVs are in 1MeV?

A

1 million

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43
Q

Rest energy is the energy equivalent to what?

A

Rest mass (when converted into energy)

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44
Q

What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum in order?

A

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-ray, Gamma ray

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45
Q

What is the longest wave length in the EM spectrum?

A

Radio

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46
Q

What is the shortest wavelength in the EM spectrum?

A

Gamma ray

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47
Q

What on the EM spectrum has the lowest frequency?

A

Radio waves

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48
Q

What on the EM spectrum has the highest frequency?

A

Gamma rays

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49
Q

Speed of light in a vacuum?

A

300 x 10^8 ms^-1

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50
Q

What happens in Pair Production?

A

Energy is converted into mass in the form of a particle-antiparticle pair

51
Q

Where does the energy come from in Pair Production?

A

A collision or gamma photon

52
Q

p (momentum) = ?

A

m (mass) x v (velocity)

53
Q

What can a Gamma Photon spontaneously do and where does this occur?

A

Convert its energy into mass in the form of a particle-antiparticle pair. Usually happens near a nucleus which then recoils to conserve momentum

54
Q

What is Annihilation?

A

Where a particle meets its antiparticle counterpart and they convert their mass into energy into the form of a pair of gamma photons

55
Q

What are the 4 fundamental interactions?

A

Strong nuclear (or strong interaction), weak nuclear, electromagnetic (including electrostatic), gravity

56
Q

What are the Exchange Particles for Strong Nuclear Force?

A

Pions

57
Q

What are the Exchange Particles for Weak Nuclear Force?

A

Bosons W+ W-

58
Q

What are the Exchange Particles for Electromagnetic Force?

A

Virtual photon

59
Q

What is the Exchange Particle for Gravity?

A

Graviton

60
Q

What do Exchange Particles do?

A

Pass between particles to carry the force, energy, charge and momentum across

61
Q

What is the Exchange Particle when a Proton and an Electron are attracted to each other?

A

Virtual photon

62
Q

The smaller the mass of the Exchange Particle the…?

A

Greater the range of the force

63
Q

Can Exchange Particles be overcome by more of a different exchange particle? If so give an example of this

A

Yes, e.g. in a nucleus pions can attract more than virtual photons repel (not always)

64
Q

What is the equation for beta- decay?

A

n -> p + β- + (anti)νe

65
Q

In a Feynman diagram what is usually on the left and what is usually on the right?

A

Left is baryons, right is leptons

66
Q

What is always conserved at the junctions in a Feynman diagram?

A

Charge, baryon and lepton numbers

67
Q

In a Feynman diagram for beta- decay what goes into and what comes out of the first junction? And what direction does the exchange particle go in?

A

Neutron goes in, proton and W- exchange particle goes out. W- to the right

68
Q

In a Feynman diagram for beta- decay what goes into and what comes out of the second junction?

A

W- exchange particle goes in, β- and a (anti)νe (antineutrino) comes out

69
Q

What is the equation for β+ decay?

A

p -> n + β+ νe

70
Q

In what sort of nucleus does beta+ decay occur?

A

Proton-rich

71
Q

In a Feynman diagram for beta+ decay what goes into and what comes out of the first junction?

A

Proton goes in, neutron and W+ exchange particle comes out

72
Q

In a Feynman diagram for beta+ decay what goes into and what comes out of the second junction?

A

W+ exchange particle goes in, β+ and νe comes out

73
Q

What happens in Electron-capture?

A

An inner shell electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus (becoming a neutron)

74
Q

What is the equation for Electron-capture?

A

p + e- -> n + νe

75
Q

In what sort of nucleus does Electron capture occur?

A

Proton-rich

76
Q

In a Feynman diagram for electron capture what goes into and what comes out of the first junction? And what direction is the exchange particle in?

A

Proton goes in, neutron and W+ exchange particle comes out. W+ to the right

77
Q

In a Feynman diagram for electron capture what goes into and what comes out of the second junction?

A

W+ exchange particle and e- goes in, νe comes out

78
Q

W+ to the right is the same of what?

A

W- to the left

79
Q

What happens in proton-electron collision?

A

A proton and electron colide

80
Q

What sort of nucleus does proton-electron collision happen in?

A

A stable one

81
Q

The Feynman diagram for proton-electron collision is the same as what?

A

Electron capture

82
Q

What is a hadron and what are they composed of?

A

They are composed of quarks and antiquarks, they experience the strong interaction/ strong nuclear force

83
Q

What are the types of hadron? (3)

A

Baryons, antibaryons, mesons

84
Q

Name the baryons

A

Protons and neutrons

85
Q

What are baryons made up of?

A

3 quarks

86
Q

What are the baryon numbers for protons and neutrons?

A

+1

87
Q

What are the Antibaryons? (2)

A

Antiproton antineutron

88
Q

What are the antibaryons made up of?

A

3 antiquarks

89
Q

What are the baryon numbers for antiprotons and antineutrons?

A

-1

90
Q

What are the mesons?

A

Pions and kaons

91
Q

What are mesons made up of?

A

A quark and antiquark pair

92
Q

What is special about a proton?

A

It’s the only stable baryon into which other baryons eventually decay

93
Q

What is the baryon number all of mesons?

A

B = 0, they aren’t baryons

94
Q

What can a kaon do?

A

Decay into a pion

95
Q

What is a kaon?

A

A strange particle

96
Q

What is a lepton?

A

A particle that doesn’t experience the strong interaction/ strong nuclear force

97
Q

What are the leptons that aren’t neutrinos?

A

Electron (e-), positron (e+), muon (μ-) and antimuon (μ+)

98
Q

What are the leptons that are neutrinos?

A

Electron neutrino (νe), electron antineutrino (νe, with a bar), muon neutrino (νμ), muon antineutrino (νμ, with a bar)

99
Q

What are the two types of lepton number?

A

Electron lepton number (Le) and muon lepton number (Lμ)

100
Q

What is the Le of an electron?

A

+1

101
Q

What is the Le of a positron?

A

-1

102
Q

What is the Le of a muon and antimuon?

A

0, not electron leptons

103
Q

What is the Lμ of an electron and positron?

A

0, not muon leptons

104
Q

What is the Lμ of a muon?

A

+1

105
Q

What is the Lμ of an antimuon?

A

-1

106
Q

What is the Le of an electron neutrino?

A

+1

107
Q

What is the Le of an electron antineutrino?

A

-1

108
Q

What is the Le of a muon neutrino and an antimuon neutrino?

A

0

109
Q

What is the Lμ of an electron neutrino and an electron antineutrino?

A

0

110
Q

What is the Lμ of a muon neutrino?

A

+1

111
Q

What is the Lμ of a muon antineutrino?

A

-1

112
Q

What is the Le and Lμ of hadrons?

A

0

113
Q

What does a muon decay into?

A

An electron

114
Q

What do strange particles contain?

A

Strange or antistrange quarks

115
Q

What type of particle are strange particles?

A

Hadrons

116
Q

Strange particles are produced in what?

A

Strong interactions

117
Q

Strange particles decay via what?

A

Weak interactions

118
Q

Strong interactions must conserve what?

A

Strangeness

119
Q

Strange particles are always produced in what, why?

A

Pairs of s=+1 and s=-1, because strangeness is always conserved in strong interactions

120
Q

Do weak interactions have to conserve strangeness?

A

No. Can change by +1 -1

121
Q

What is the strangeness of a K+ and K0 particle?

A

+1

122
Q

What is the strangeness of a K- and a K0(with a bar)?

A

-1

123
Q

What are the types of quark?

A

Up, down, strange

124
Q

What are the charges a quark can have?

A

Q(charge) = +2/3e (+2/3 of an electron) or Q = -1/3 (-1/3 of an electron)

Physics A Level Better One (7 decks)

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