particle theory Flashcards
what are the three states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas
energy in the 3 states of matter
-solids: they have the least energy because they vibrate
-liquids: they have more energy than solids but less than gas
-gases: they have the most energy because they have a random arrangement
structure of 3 states of matter
-solids: fixed arrangement
-liquids: particles are close but have a random arrangement
-gases: random arrangement
movement of matters
-solids: vibrate
-liquids: particles move around eachother
-solids: move quickly in all directions
what is interconversion? (3 points)
-when a matter changes from one state to another
- due to changes in temperature or pressure
-a physical change involves changes in forces between the particles of the substance
Examples of interconversion
(7 points)
melting
boiling
freezing
evaporation
condensation
sublimation
deposition
how does an increase in kinetic energy change liquid? (2 points)
-the particles can overcome forces of attraction
-this allows particles to be more spread out and move faster
what is melting?
(3 points)
-when solid changes to a liquid
-particles GAIN more kinetic energy, allowing particles to move faster
-occurs at a specific temperature known as the MELTING POINT which is unique to each solid
what is boiling?
(3 points)
-when liquid changes to gas
-kinetic energy of the particles increase
-this is because particles are further apart
what is freezing?
(3 points)
-liquid changes to solid
-melting point and freezing point are the same
-particles LOSE kinetic energy because the particles are closer together
what is evaporation?
(3 marks)
-liquid to gas
-occurs at the surface of liquids where high energy particles can escape from liquids at low temperatures
-heating speeds up the process as particles need energy to escape from surface
what is condensation?
(2 marks)
-gas changes to liquid
-gas is cooled, its particles lose energy
-when they bump into each other, they lack energy to bounce away again, instead grouping together to form a liquid
sublimation
and
deposition
-solid changes to gas
-only happens to a few solids (eg iodine and carbon)
-reverse reaction is desublimation
1.3 what is diffusion
spreading out of particles
where does diffusion happen?
diffusion happens in liquids and gases
why does it not happen in solids?
because the particles in solids don’t move
examples of diffusion
(two points)
-tea bag in a cup of water
-perfume sprayed in the air
why is diffusion slower in liquids than in gases?
the particles in gases are more spread out and move faster than particles in liquids
Which gas moves faster? ammonia or acid? (2 points)
Ammonia
Because the particles are lighter and travelled a further distance
What do these terms mean?
Solvent
Solute
Solution
Saturated solution
-the liquid
-a solid which dissolves in the solvent
-when a solute is dissolved in a solvent
-a solution which contains as much dissolved solid as possible at a particular temperature
solubility in the units per 100g of solvent
The maximum mass of solute that dissolves in 100g of solvent at a particular temperature
mass of solute/mass of solvent x 100